[Taxacom] Taxacom Digest, Vol 165, Issue 3

Krishtalka, Leonard krishtalka at ku.edu
Fri Jan 3 12:25:41 CST 2020


Quick question:

What is the equivalent of "paleobiology" for the study of living organisms?  Neontology?  It's not "neobiology", which has already been captured for a different concept.

Kris

 
 

 

L. Krishtalka
Director, Biodiversity Institute
Professor, Dept. Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
University of Kansas
Dyche Hall, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd
Lawrence, KS 66045-7561
phone: 785-864-4540
fax: 785-864-5335
krishtalka at ku.edu <applewebdata://A3FF0F52-D4E5-402D-A1FB-68E1D22DB53C/krishtalka@ku.edu>
https://amazon.com/author/leonardkrishtalka
 
 
 

 

On 1/3/20, 12:00 PM, "Taxacom on behalf of taxacom-request at mailman.nhm.ku.edu" <taxacom-bounces at mailman.nhm.ku.edu on behalf of taxacom-request at mailman.nhm.ku.edu> wrote:

    Daily News from the Taxacom Mailing List 
    
    When responding to a message, please do not copy the entire digest into your reply.
    ____________________________________
    
    
    Today's Topics:
    
       1. is different ending for gender a synonym (John Grehan)
       2. Re: is different ending for gender a synonym (Tony Rees)
       3. Re: is different ending for gender a synonym (Gurcharan Singh)
       4. Re: is different ending for gender a synonym (Thomas Pape)
       5. Re: is different ending for gender a synonym
          (Francisco Welter-Schultes)
       6. Re: is different ending for gender a synonym (John Grehan)
    
    
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    Message: 1
    Date: Thu, 2 Jan 2020 23:15:23 -0500
    From: John Grehan <calabar.john at gmail.com>
    To: taxacom <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
    Subject: [Taxacom] is different ending for gender a synonym
    Message-ID:
    	<CADN0ud3w6XF7i+tLLc0nDE0VxDpE6tEJsRFDpgRh=g5-fqToEw at mail.gmail.com>
    Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"
    
    I'm compiling synonyms for species in a taxonomic list and I am curious to
    know if there is a standard view of what happens with different
    gender endings - whether they are considered synonyms that should be
    listed. For example, Moschler 1826 named Epialus hyperboreus which was
    later transferred to Gazoryctra as hperborea - presumably to match the
    gender, but then later the species was listed by the same author along with
    some others (Nielsen et al 2000) as  Gazoryctra hyperboreus,
    reflecting their view that species endings should stay with the original.
    I'm not worried about arguments over that choice, but whether these names
    are formal synonyms. Nielsen et al (2000) did not list hyperborea as a
    synonym, but I noticed that it was listed as a synonym on a taxonomic
    website  https://ftp.funet.fi/
    
    So, is there any formal criterion or is it just a matter of personal
    viewpoint as to whether the different endings constitute synonyms?
    
    Thanks for any input on this.
    
    John Grehan
    
    
    ------------------------------
    
    Message: 2
    Date: Fri, 3 Jan 2020 16:26:36 +1100
    From: Tony Rees <tonyrees49 at gmail.com>
    To: John Grehan <calabar.john at gmail.com>
    Cc: taxacom <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
    Subject: Re: [Taxacom] is different ending for gender a synonym
    Message-ID:
    	<CABEjCKMPsN3jhXJFMzQgJ0OHEkoBSmCqa+PiWTDWVVS=tAGSKA at mail.gmail.com>
    Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"
    
    Hi John,
    
    Technically it is not a synonym (in zoology, that would have to be a
    different epithet entirely, or perhaps the same one with a different
    authority and based on a different type) but a variant or incorrect
    orthography (according to the Code only the one that is in gender agreement
    would be correct). However you could include it in a synonyms list in my
    view, with an appropriate note - along with other things that may not
    technically be synonyms such as nomina nuda, alternative combinations,
    etc., which often also appear in "synonyms" lists (as other names that have
    been applied to this taxon) but are not synonyms in the strict sense. Just
    my 2 cents of course...
    
    Regards - Tony
    
    Tony Rees, New South Wales, Australia
    https://about.me/TonyRees
    
    
    On Fri, 3 Jan 2020 at 15:16, John Grehan via Taxacom <
    taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu> wrote:
    
    > I'm compiling synonyms for species in a taxonomic list and I am curious to
    > know if there is a standard view of what happens with different
    > gender endings - whether they are considered synonyms that should be
    > listed. For example, Moschler 1826 named Epialus hyperboreus which was
    > later transferred to Gazoryctra as hperborea - presumably to match the
    > gender, but then later the species was listed by the same author along with
    > some others (Nielsen et al 2000) as  Gazoryctra hyperboreus,
    > reflecting their view that species endings should stay with the original.
    > I'm not worried about arguments over that choice, but whether these names
    > are formal synonyms. Nielsen et al (2000) did not list hyperborea as a
    > synonym, but I noticed that it was listed as a synonym on a taxonomic
    > website  https://ftp.funet.fi/
    >
    > So, is there any formal criterion or is it just a matter of personal
    > viewpoint as to whether the different endings constitute synonyms?
    >
    > Thanks for any input on this.
    >
    > John Grehan
    > _______________________________________________
    > Taxacom Mailing List
    >
    > Send Taxacom mailing list submissions to: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
    > For list information; to subscribe or unsubscribe, visit:
    > http://mailman.nhm.ku.edu/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/taxacom
    > You can reach the person managing the list at:
    > taxacom-owner at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
    > The Taxacom email archive back to 1992 can be searched at:
    > http://taxacom.markmail.org
    >
    > Nurturing nuance while assaulting ambiguity for 32 some years, 1987-2019.
    >
    
    
    ------------------------------
    
    Message: 3
    Date: Fri, 3 Jan 2020 12:22:27 +0530
    From: Gurcharan Singh <singhg45 at gmail.com>
    To: Tony Rees <tonyrees49 at gmail.com>
    Cc: John Grehan <calabar.john at gmail.com>, taxacom
    	<taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
    Subject: Re: [Taxacom] is different ending for gender a synonym
    Message-ID:
    	<CAHiXKpWbmXLhV0JV4UxjNbzxM2x9QOg1fCc_SDF3dzbtfKvP1Q at mail.gmail.com>
    Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"
    
    I would say all objective synonyms based on same type (which obviously they
    are), with same epithet (subject to change linked with gender of generic
    name). One would be accepted name based taxonomic judgement (to which genus
    species should be assigned), others listed as its synonyms.That is a common
    practice in plant names also.
    
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazoryctra_hyperboreus
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Dr. Gurcharan Singh
    Retired  Associate Professor
    SGTB Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007
    Res: 932 Anand Kunj, Vikas Puri, New Delhi-110018.
    Mob: 9810359089
    https://sing96.wixsite.com/mysite-1
    
    
    On Fri, Jan 3, 2020 at 10:56 AM Tony Rees via Taxacom <
    taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu> wrote:
    
    > Hi John,
    >
    > Technically it is not a synonym (in zoology, that would have to be a
    > different epithet entirely, or perhaps the same one with a different
    > authority and based on a different type) but a variant or incorrect
    > orthography (according to the Code only the one that is in gender agreement
    > would be correct). However you could include it in a synonyms list in my
    > view, with an appropriate note - along with other things that may not
    > technically be synonyms such as nomina nuda, alternative combinations,
    > etc., which often also appear in "synonyms" lists (as other names that have
    > been applied to this taxon) but are not synonyms in the strict sense. Just
    > my 2 cents of course...
    >
    > Regards - Tony
    >
    > Tony Rees, New South Wales, Australia
    > https://about.me/TonyRees
    >
    >
    > On Fri, 3 Jan 2020 at 15:16, John Grehan via Taxacom <
    > taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu> wrote:
    >
    > > I'm compiling synonyms for species in a taxonomic list and I am curious
    > to
    > > know if there is a standard view of what happens with different
    > > gender endings - whether they are considered synonyms that should be
    > > listed. For example, Moschler 1826 named Epialus hyperboreus which was
    > > later transferred to Gazoryctra as hperborea - presumably to match the
    > > gender, but then later the species was listed by the same author along
    > with
    > > some others (Nielsen et al 2000) as  Gazoryctra hyperboreus,
    > > reflecting their view that species endings should stay with the original.
    > > I'm not worried about arguments over that choice, but whether these names
    > > are formal synonyms. Nielsen et al (2000) did not list hyperborea as a
    > > synonym, but I noticed that it was listed as a synonym on a taxonomic
    > > website  https://ftp.funet.fi/
    > >
    > > So, is there any formal criterion or is it just a matter of personal
    > > viewpoint as to whether the different endings constitute synonyms?
    > >
    > > Thanks for any input on this.
    > >
    > > John Grehan
    > > _______________________________________________
    > > Taxacom Mailing List
    > >
    > > Send Taxacom mailing list submissions to: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
    > > For list information; to subscribe or unsubscribe, visit:
    > > http://mailman.nhm.ku.edu/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/taxacom
    > > You can reach the person managing the list at:
    > > taxacom-owner at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
    > > The Taxacom email archive back to 1992 can be searched at:
    > > http://taxacom.markmail.org
    > >
    > > Nurturing nuance while assaulting ambiguity for 32 some years, 1987-2019.
    > >
    > _______________________________________________
    > Taxacom Mailing List
    >
    > Send Taxacom mailing list submissions to: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
    > For list information; to subscribe or unsubscribe, visit:
    > http://mailman.nhm.ku.edu/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/taxacom
    > You can reach the person managing the list at:
    > taxacom-owner at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
    > The Taxacom email archive back to 1992 can be searched at:
    > http://taxacom.markmail.org
    >
    > Nurturing nuance while assaulting ambiguity for 32 some years, 1987-2019.
    >
    
    
    ------------------------------
    
    Message: 4
    Date: Fri, 3 Jan 2020 12:46:06 +0000
    From: Thomas Pape <tpape at snm.ku.dk>
    To: 'taxacom' <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
    Subject: Re: [Taxacom] is different ending for gender a synonym
    Message-ID:
    	<2D32F21F902B0140BC538F0EA4B5CE200185F20808 at P1KITMBX03WC02.unicph.domain>
    	
    Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
    
    A synonym is one of two or more names of the same rank used to denote the same taxonomic taxon.
    Lists of synonyms usually include names in their correct original spelling and in their original combination (the basionym in botany).
    
    Epialus hyperboreus Moschler, 1826 and Gazoryctra hyperborea (Moschler, 1826) are not synonyms but different combinations of the same species-group name.
    "hyperboreus" and "hyperborea" are different spellings of the same name.
    
    Thomas
    
    Thomas Pape, Natural History Museum of Denmark
    
    -----Original Message-----
    From: Taxacom <taxacom-bounces at mailman.nhm.ku.edu> On Behalf Of Tony Rees via Taxacom
    Sent: 3. januar 2020 06:27
    To: John Grehan <calabar.john at gmail.com>
    Cc: taxacom <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
    Subject: Re: [Taxacom] is different ending for gender a synonym
    
    Hi John,
    
    Technically it is not a synonym (in zoology, that would have to be a different epithet entirely, or perhaps the same one with a different authority and based on a different type) but a variant or incorrect orthography (according to the Code only the one that is in gender agreement would be correct). However you could include it in a synonyms list in my view, with an appropriate note - along with other things that may not technically be synonyms such as nomina nuda, alternative combinations, etc., which often also appear in "synonyms" lists (as other names that have been applied to this taxon) but are not synonyms in the strict sense. Just my 2 cents of course...
    
    Regards - Tony
    
    Tony Rees, New South Wales, Australia
    https://about.me/TonyRees
    
    
    On Fri, 3 Jan 2020 at 15:16, John Grehan via Taxacom < taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu> wrote:
    
    > I'm compiling synonyms for species in a taxonomic list and I am 
    > curious to know if there is a standard view of what happens with 
    > different gender endings - whether they are considered synonyms that 
    > should be listed. For example, Moschler 1826 named Epialus hyperboreus 
    > which was later transferred to Gazoryctra as hperborea - presumably to 
    > match the gender, but then later the species was listed by the same 
    > author along with some others (Nielsen et al 2000) as  Gazoryctra 
    > hyperboreus, reflecting their view that species endings should stay with the original.
    > I'm not worried about arguments over that choice, but whether these 
    > names are formal synonyms. Nielsen et al (2000) did not list 
    > hyperborea as a synonym, but I noticed that it was listed as a synonym 
    > on a taxonomic website  https://ftp.funet.fi/
    >
    > So, is there any formal criterion or is it just a matter of personal 
    > viewpoint as to whether the different endings constitute synonyms?
    >
    > Thanks for any input on this.
    >
    > John Grehan
    > _______________________________________________
    > Taxacom Mailing List
    >
    > Send Taxacom mailing list submissions to: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu 
    > For list information; to subscribe or unsubscribe, visit:
    > http://mailman.nhm.ku.edu/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/taxacom
    > You can reach the person managing the list at:
    > taxacom-owner at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
    > The Taxacom email archive back to 1992 can be searched at:
    > http://taxacom.markmail.org
    >
    > Nurturing nuance while assaulting ambiguity for 32 some years, 1987-2019.
    >
    _______________________________________________
    Taxacom Mailing List
    
    Send Taxacom mailing list submissions to: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu For list information; to subscribe or unsubscribe, visit: http://mailman.nhm.ku.edu/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/taxacom
    You can reach the person managing the list at: taxacom-owner at mailman.nhm.ku.edu The Taxacom email archive back to 1992 can be searched at: http://taxacom.markmail.org
    
    Nurturing nuance while assaulting ambiguity for 32 some years, 1987-2019.
    
    ------------------------------
    
    Message: 5
    Date: Fri, 3 Jan 2020 14:11:06 +0100
    From: Francisco Welter-Schultes <fwelter at gwdg.de>
    To: <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
    Subject: Re: [Taxacom] is different ending for gender a synonym
    Message-ID: <d80e76d2-37c5-cef5-1e76-1ddc9bba955a at gwdg.de>
    Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; format=flowed
    
    Dear John,
    
    I agree essentially with Tony.
    
    We have different concepts of synonymy in the science of naming organisms.
    The question about a name in the genus Gazoryctra is about the name of a 
    lepidopteran animal which could complicate the answer (because in 
    lepidopterology the required mandatory change of the gender agreement of 
    the ICZN Code is usually not followed).
    
     From the point of view of nomenclature animals and plants follow 
    different rules, established in independent Codes that can probably not 
    be merged in the near future in this point.
    For names of species, in botany different genus-species combinations are 
    considered synonyms, while in zoological nomenclature most experts 
    regard only the specific name to judge the synonymy. The ICZN Code is 
    currently not sufficiently clear on this point.
    
    Wikipedia (as mentioned by Gurcharan Singh) does not differentiate and 
    WP authors may consider any different spelling and genus-species 
    combination no matter if plant or animal as a synonym. Even the same 
    name in the same spelling combined with a different author and year 
    (nomenclaturally taken a subsequent use of a name) can be considered a 
    synonym in WP. This matter is treated arbitrarily and inconsistently, it 
    differs among various language versions of WP and also within a language 
    version.
    
    A changed ending following a mandatory change (ICZN Code Arts. 31.2 and 
    34.2) produces the same name with a changed ending (provided that the 
    change is correctly performed). So it would not fall under the 
    Glossary's definition of a "synonym" which is defined as a term to 
    denote the relationship between two names (not two spellings of the same 
    name).
    
    If the ending was erroneously changed under the assumption it would be 
    mandatory under the currently valid rules, then this should be judged an 
    incorrect subsequent spelling. This falls under Art. 33.3, it is a 
    different spelling of the same name. Also this is not an available name 
    standing for itself (other than an emendation), and the two versions of 
    the name are not synonyms under the Glossary's definition of a synonym.
    
    In Lepidoptera the experts usually apply a convention by which the 
    mandatory change as required by Art. 34.2 is set aside and no change in 
    the ending is performed. The next edition of the ICZN Code might 
    eventually add some new rules to provide a legal frame for this 
    practice, so it can be useful for our considerations to act as if this 
    was already correctly applied nomenclature.
    In any case such a subsequent change of an ending in a lepidopteran 
    specific name, no matter if following Art. 34.2 correctly or not, would 
    be an incorrect subsequent spelling of the original name, so the two 
    spelling versions would not be synonyms in zoological nomenclature.
    
    Taxonomic websites like funet.fi provide useful information for people 
    interested in animals. So if these website providers record that a name 
    of a species is poking around in the internet in two different gender 
    endings, it is useful to inform the user about this, so that those who 
    like to find information on this species are alerted to look for the 
    name in both endings. They might call these versions "synonyms".
    
    I consider it very useful to provide such information for the public.
    
    If you are compiling a taxonomic nomenclator you might eventually have a 
    different scope, so the selection of the term "synonym" may depend on 
    the intention. So if you intend to be more attached to the ICZN Code you 
    might differentiate between "nomenclatural synonyms", "different 
    genus-species combinations" and "different spellings of the same 
    specific name".
    
    Hope this helps a little, Happy New Year and the best for 2020
    
    Francisco
    
    
    
    Am 03.01.2020 um 07:52 schrieb Gurcharan Singh via Taxacom:
    > I would say all objective synonyms based on same type (which obviously they
    > are), with same epithet (subject to change linked with gender of generic
    > name). One would be accepted name based taxonomic judgement (to which genus
    > species should be assigned), others listed as its synonyms.That is a common
    > practice in plant names also.
    > 
    > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazoryctra_hyperboreus
    > 
    > 
    > 
    > 
    > 
    > 
    > Dr. Gurcharan Singh
    > Retired  Associate Professor
    > SGTB Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007
    > Res: 932 Anand Kunj, Vikas Puri, New Delhi-110018.
    > Mob: 9810359089
    > https://sing96.wixsite.com/mysite-1
    > 
    > 
    > On Fri, Jan 3, 2020 at 10:56 AM Tony Rees via Taxacom <
    > taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu> wrote:
    > 
    >> Hi John,
    >>
    >> Technically it is not a synonym (in zoology, that would have to be a
    >> different epithet entirely, or perhaps the same one with a different
    >> authority and based on a different type) but a variant or incorrect
    >> orthography (according to the Code only the one that is in gender agreement
    >> would be correct). However you could include it in a synonyms list in my
    >> view, with an appropriate note - along with other things that may not
    >> technically be synonyms such as nomina nuda, alternative combinations,
    >> etc., which often also appear in "synonyms" lists (as other names that have
    >> been applied to this taxon) but are not synonyms in the strict sense. Just
    >> my 2 cents of course...
    >>
    >> Regards - Tony
    >>
    >> Tony Rees, New South Wales, Australia
    >> https://about.me/TonyRees
    >>
    >>
    >> On Fri, 3 Jan 2020 at 15:16, John Grehan via Taxacom <
    >> taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu> wrote:
    >>
    >>> I'm compiling synonyms for species in a taxonomic list and I am curious
    >> to
    >>> know if there is a standard view of what happens with different
    >>> gender endings - whether they are considered synonyms that should be
    >>> listed. For example, Moschler 1826 named Epialus hyperboreus which was
    >>> later transferred to Gazoryctra as hperborea - presumably to match the
    >>> gender, but then later the species was listed by the same author along
    >> with
    >>> some others (Nielsen et al 2000) as  Gazoryctra hyperboreus,
    >>> reflecting their view that species endings should stay with the original.
    >>> I'm not worried about arguments over that choice, but whether these names
    >>> are formal synonyms. Nielsen et al (2000) did not list hyperborea as a
    >>> synonym, but I noticed that it was listed as a synonym on a taxonomic
    >>> website  https://ftp.funet.fi/
    >>>
    >>> So, is there any formal criterion or is it just a matter of personal
    >>> viewpoint as to whether the different endings constitute synonyms?
    >>>
    >>> Thanks for any input on this.
    >>>
    >>> John Grehan
    >>> _______________________________________________
    >>> Taxacom Mailing List
    >>>
    >>> Send Taxacom mailing list submissions to: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
    >>> For list information; to subscribe or unsubscribe, visit:
    >>> http://mailman.nhm.ku.edu/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/taxacom
    >>> You can reach the person managing the list at:
    >>> taxacom-owner at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
    >>> The Taxacom email archive back to 1992 can be searched at:
    >>> http://taxacom.markmail.org
    >>>
    >>> Nurturing nuance while assaulting ambiguity for 32 some years, 1987-2019.
    >>>
    >> _______________________________________________
    >> Taxacom Mailing List
    >>
    >> Send Taxacom mailing list submissions to: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
    >> For list information; to subscribe or unsubscribe, visit:
    >> http://mailman.nhm.ku.edu/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/taxacom
    >> You can reach the person managing the list at:
    >> taxacom-owner at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
    >> The Taxacom email archive back to 1992 can be searched at:
    >> http://taxacom.markmail.org
    >>
    >> Nurturing nuance while assaulting ambiguity for 32 some years, 1987-2019.
    >>
    > _______________________________________________
    > Taxacom Mailing List
    > 
    > Send Taxacom mailing list submissions to: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
    > For list information; to subscribe or unsubscribe, visit: http://mailman.nhm.ku.edu/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/taxacom
    > You can reach the person managing the list at: taxacom-owner at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
    > The Taxacom email archive back to 1992 can be searched at: http://taxacom.markmail.org
    > 
    > Nurturing nuance while assaulting ambiguity for 32 some years, 1987-2019.
    > 
    
    
    ------------------------------
    
    Message: 6
    Date: Fri, 3 Jan 2020 11:56:36 -0500
    From: John Grehan <calabar.john at gmail.com>
    To: Francisco Welter-Schultes <fwelter at gwdg.de>
    Cc: taxacom <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
    Subject: Re: [Taxacom] is different ending for gender a synonym
    Message-ID:
    	<CADN0ud3cM7MEuOEpFCtrAsXTa_wTSus0s9nJCw-h7uqAH+yBKQ at mail.gmail.com>
    Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"
    
    I am most grateful for the excellent feedback. Not sure I am much the
    wiser, but it helps a lot to have these broader reflections. If I distill
    this down correctly I see three classes of synonyms:
    
    1. taxonomic (if that is the correct term) where a named taxon is
    recognized as being the same as another.
    2. misspellings of a name (which in Lepidoptera that I work with has been
    widely accepted as synonyms)
    3. Alternate spellings such as with gender which may or may not be
    considered synonyms.
    
    I may be able to take an easy way out since this list is subject to an
    editor on format and content and so perhaps I will just go with what the
    editor wants either way.
    
    Thanks. John Grehan
    
    On Fri, Jan 3, 2020 at 8:11 AM Francisco Welter-Schultes via Taxacom <
    taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu> wrote:
    
    > Dear John,
    >
    > I agree essentially with Tony.
    >
    > We have different concepts of synonymy in the science of naming organisms.
    > The question about a name in the genus Gazoryctra is about the name of a
    > lepidopteran animal which could complicate the answer (because in
    > lepidopterology the required mandatory change of the gender agreement of
    > the ICZN Code is usually not followed).
    >
    >  From the point of view of nomenclature animals and plants follow
    > different rules, established in independent Codes that can probably not
    > be merged in the near future in this point.
    > For names of species, in botany different genus-species combinations are
    > considered synonyms, while in zoological nomenclature most experts
    > regard only the specific name to judge the synonymy. The ICZN Code is
    > currently not sufficiently clear on this point.
    >
    > Wikipedia (as mentioned by Gurcharan Singh) does not differentiate and
    > WP authors may consider any different spelling and genus-species
    > combination no matter if plant or animal as a synonym. Even the same
    > name in the same spelling combined with a different author and year
    > (nomenclaturally taken a subsequent use of a name) can be considered a
    > synonym in WP. This matter is treated arbitrarily and inconsistently, it
    > differs among various language versions of WP and also within a language
    > version.
    >
    > A changed ending following a mandatory change (ICZN Code Arts. 31.2 and
    > 34.2) produces the same name with a changed ending (provided that the
    > change is correctly performed). So it would not fall under the
    > Glossary's definition of a "synonym" which is defined as a term to
    > denote the relationship between two names (not two spellings of the same
    > name).
    >
    > If the ending was erroneously changed under the assumption it would be
    > mandatory under the currently valid rules, then this should be judged an
    > incorrect subsequent spelling. This falls under Art. 33.3, it is a
    > different spelling of the same name. Also this is not an available name
    > standing for itself (other than an emendation), and the two versions of
    > the name are not synonyms under the Glossary's definition of a synonym.
    >
    > In Lepidoptera the experts usually apply a convention by which the
    > mandatory change as required by Art. 34.2 is set aside and no change in
    > the ending is performed. The next edition of the ICZN Code might
    > eventually add some new rules to provide a legal frame for this
    > practice, so it can be useful for our considerations to act as if this
    > was already correctly applied nomenclature.
    > In any case such a subsequent change of an ending in a lepidopteran
    > specific name, no matter if following Art. 34.2 correctly or not, would
    > be an incorrect subsequent spelling of the original name, so the two
    > spelling versions would not be synonyms in zoological nomenclature.
    >
    > Taxonomic websites like funet.fi provide useful information for people
    > interested in animals. So if these website providers record that a name
    > of a species is poking around in the internet in two different gender
    > endings, it is useful to inform the user about this, so that those who
    > like to find information on this species are alerted to look for the
    > name in both endings. They might call these versions "synonyms".
    >
    > I consider it very useful to provide such information for the public.
    >
    > If you are compiling a taxonomic nomenclator you might eventually have a
    > different scope, so the selection of the term "synonym" may depend on
    > the intention. So if you intend to be more attached to the ICZN Code you
    > might differentiate between "nomenclatural synonyms", "different
    > genus-species combinations" and "different spellings of the same
    > specific name".
    >
    > Hope this helps a little, Happy New Year and the best for 2020
    >
    > Francisco
    >
    >
    >
    > Am 03.01.2020 um 07:52 schrieb Gurcharan Singh via Taxacom:
    > > I would say all objective synonyms based on same type (which obviously
    > they
    > > are), with same epithet (subject to change linked with gender of generic
    > > name). One would be accepted name based taxonomic judgement (to which
    > genus
    > > species should be assigned), others listed as its synonyms.That is a
    > common
    > > practice in plant names also.
    > >
    > > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazoryctra_hyperboreus
    > >
    > >
    > >
    > >
    > >
    > >
    > > Dr. Gurcharan Singh
    > > Retired  Associate Professor
    > > SGTB Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007
    > > Res: 932 Anand Kunj, Vikas Puri, New Delhi-110018.
    > > Mob: 9810359089
    > > https://sing96.wixsite.com/mysite-1
    > >
    > >
    > > On Fri, Jan 3, 2020 at 10:56 AM Tony Rees via Taxacom <
    > > taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu> wrote:
    > >
    > >> Hi John,
    > >>
    > >> Technically it is not a synonym (in zoology, that would have to be a
    > >> different epithet entirely, or perhaps the same one with a different
    > >> authority and based on a different type) but a variant or incorrect
    > >> orthography (according to the Code only the one that is in gender
    > agreement
    > >> would be correct). However you could include it in a synonyms list in my
    > >> view, with an appropriate note - along with other things that may not
    > >> technically be synonyms such as nomina nuda, alternative combinations,
    > >> etc., which often also appear in "synonyms" lists (as other names that
    > have
    > >> been applied to this taxon) but are not synonyms in the strict sense.
    > Just
    > >> my 2 cents of course...
    > >>
    > >> Regards - Tony
    > >>
    > >> Tony Rees, New South Wales, Australia
    > >> https://about.me/TonyRees
    > >>
    > >>
    > >> On Fri, 3 Jan 2020 at 15:16, John Grehan via Taxacom <
    > >> taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu> wrote:
    > >>
    > >>> I'm compiling synonyms for species in a taxonomic list and I am curious
    > >> to
    > >>> know if there is a standard view of what happens with different
    > >>> gender endings - whether they are considered synonyms that should be
    > >>> listed. For example, Moschler 1826 named Epialus hyperboreus which was
    > >>> later transferred to Gazoryctra as hperborea - presumably to match the
    > >>> gender, but then later the species was listed by the same author along
    > >> with
    > >>> some others (Nielsen et al 2000) as  Gazoryctra hyperboreus,
    > >>> reflecting their view that species endings should stay with the
    > original.
    > >>> I'm not worried about arguments over that choice, but whether these
    > names
    > >>> are formal synonyms. Nielsen et al (2000) did not list hyperborea as a
    > >>> synonym, but I noticed that it was listed as a synonym on a taxonomic
    > >>> website  https://ftp.funet.fi/
    > >>>
    > >>> So, is there any formal criterion or is it just a matter of personal
    > >>> viewpoint as to whether the different endings constitute synonyms?
    > >>>
    > >>> Thanks for any input on this.
    > >>>
    > >>> John Grehan
    > >>> _______________________________________________
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    > 1987-2019.
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    > 1987-2019.
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    > Nurturing nuance while assaulting ambiguity for 32 some years, 1987-2019.
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