[Taxacom] Type localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
Kenneth Kinman
kinman at hotmail.com
Mon Dec 31 21:38:17 CST 2018
Hi Stephen,
Although I agree with you up to a point, I still think you are painting type localities with too broad a brush. Many species have such limited distributions and their type localities often so imprecise, that the type locality and distribution are the same or at least not much different. In such cases, these arguments are more about semantics and splitting hairs (as one person put it). Think of all those species for which only one specimen is known, or if other specimens are known, they are very nearby.
Therefore, with that in mind, I would repeat what I said very early in this thread:
"So I would agree with Stephen that the distributions are always going to be more important than the type locality, but I wouldn't be so willing to be so forceful in minimizing the importance of type localities to some researchers, especially those who study rare taxa with very limited distributions. It's a continuum, but a very wide one, so the importance of type localities will also be a continuum, even though their distributions beyond the type locality will always be more important."
-----------------Ken
________________________________
From: Taxacom <taxacom-bounces at mailman.nhm.ku.edu> on behalf of Stephen Thorpe <stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz>
Sent: Monday, December 31, 2018 9:04 PM
To: gread at actrix.gen.nz
Cc: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
Subject: Re: [Taxacom] Type localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
Geoff,
You just don't appear to have a clear distinction in your head between type localities per se and just localities. Localities are important, type localities much less so. Of course, type localities are also localities, so are important as localities, but no more so than non-type localities. It is the "formalisation" of type localities which gives them spurious importance.
As for the conservation issue, suppose Aus bus has type locality T1 and also has synonym Aus cus with type locality T2. It seems that one might have more success arguing for protection of T1 if you sell it as the type locality for Aus bus, because type localities are perceived (wrongly, in my view) to be important. I wonder though, how one would get on arguing similarly for protection of T2??
Cheers,
Stephen
--------------------------------------------
On Mon, 31/12/18, Geoffrey Read <gread at actrix.gen.nz> wrote:
Subject: Re: [Taxacom] Type localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
To: "Stephen Thorpe" <stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz>
Cc: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu, gread at actrix.gen.nz
Received: Monday, 31 December, 2018, 11:38 PM
Hi Stephen,
A couple of centuries ago authors did
as you describe with no formal types
named, but they still might say
something like 'I have described the
specimens I collected from Tahiti, but
I also collected the same species
from the Red Sea.' So there were often
de facto type localities before it
was formalised as such. It's a natural
system of working that has evolved
as we've got more sophisticated.
I know nothing about type localities
and their use in conservation. What
is the issue?
Cheers,
Geoff
On Mon, December 31, 2018 12:00 pm,
Stephen Thorpe wrote:
> Geoff,
> The concept of a type locality
exists only because we happen to have a
> typological system of zoological
(and botanical) nomenclature. Without
> such a typological system of
nomenclature, there would be no type
> localities, and yet nothing
important would be any different. Authors of
> new species would still specify
the locality/localities of their material
> examined, and we would still go to
that plane/those places to search for
> the species (and to any other
subsequently specified localities). You are
> conflating two quite different
things, and you are not alone! The most
> worrying thing is the spurious
link between type localities and
> conservation. Nomenclatural
technicalities have no relevance to
> conservation! Note that if an
author describes a new species from several
> localities, only the locality of
the holotype is the type locality, and
> yet the locality/localities of the
paratypes are just as useful for
> looking for the species.
> Cheers,
> Stephen
>
>
--------------------------------------------
> On Sun, 30/12/18, Geoff Read
<gread at actrix.gen.nz>
wrote:
>
> Subject: Re: [Taxacom] Type
localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
> To: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
> Received: Sunday, 30
December, 2018, 9:32 PM
>
> Stephen,
>
> The importance of a type
locality is
> that it is, in the whole
vast area of
> the Earth, the one small
spot where the
> species is known to occur,
and
> unfortunately lots of
species are only
> known from their type
localities.
> So we don't go looking in
the Himalayas
> for more of a species whose
type
> locality is a valley in the
Waitakere
> Ranges, Auckland, NZ. That
would be
> absurd.
>
> That there is by convention
a formal
> type locality (with a few
directions
> in the Code to guide us in
our use of
> it) reduces our
> re-locating-the-species
problem to
> manageable dimensions, and
prevents
> hijacking of a species
concept to an
> animal or plant coming from
a place
> where it is not reasonable
that the
> species would occur. So we
should have
> better stability of names
via sensible
> use of type localities.
>
> Declaring a nomen dubium is
not going
> to be 'end-of-story', except
if the
> name is an obscure one of
no
> importance. Anyone with a
different opinion
> to you, or who has gathered
more
> evidence, could keep using
it
> subsequently. For a name
still useful
> with some biology known
about the
> species the next step might
be to ask
> the Commission for the bad
type to
> be replaced with a neotype
(hopefully
> from the type locality). If
there's
> no apparent type then any
taxonomist
> could designate a neotype
for your
> 'nomen dubium' without
asking the
> Commission. It's not about
being
> absolutely certain they've
determined
> the species correctly - it's
just a
> working solution so that
biology can
> carry on being done on biota
that now
> has a fixed name.
>
> Geoff
>
> On Sun, December 30, 2018
1:36 pm,
> Stephen Thorpe wrote:
> > All true and pretty
much what I
> said. However, such a
tentative method for
> > associating names with
species, as
> Thomas describes, can hardly
be given
> > the lofty levels of
"importance"
> that many taxonomists seem
to think! If
> > nobody knows which
species a name
> refers to, then one has two
choices: (1)
> > tentatively associate
the name
> with a species based on type
locality,
> > maybe in conjunction
with other
> things; or (2) declare the
name to be a
> > nomen dubium. My main
point is
> that I know think that (2)
is preferable,
> > because it has no
drawbacks that I
> can see, and it avoids
working with a
> > tentative link which
may be wrong
> to the extent that the
species doesn't
> > even occur (and never
did) at the
> type locality of the name
being used for
> > it. This could lead to
all sorts
> of erroneous conclusions
about range
> > contractions under
climate change,
> etc., etc., when in fact the
species
> > never occurred there at
all!
> >
> > Stephen
> >
> >
>
--------------------------------------------
> > On Sun, 30/12/18,
Thomas Pape
> <tpape at snm.ku.dk>
> wrote:
> >
> >Â Subject: RE:
[Taxacom] Type
> localities (was: Bionomina
13 published)
> >Â To: "Stephen
Thorpe" <stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz>,
> > "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu"
> <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>,
> "Elena
> > Kupriyanova" <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> >Â Received: Sunday,
30
> December, 2018, 11:18 AM
> >
> >Â The "type locality"
is the
> locality data
> >Â provided for the
> name-bearing specimen. No
more and no less.
> >
> >Â The type locality
is prone
> to error and
> >Â inaccuracy as any
other
> piece of information, but it
*may*
> >Â be of help when a
type is
> not fit for identification.
In
> >Â particular when
there is
> only one candidate species
present
> >Â at the type
locality. An
> association between name
and
> >Â species based only
on the
> type locality will remain
> >Â hypothetical, but
the
> hypothesis will be
corroborated (or
> >Â not) as new data
emerge. If
> nomenclatural instability
> >Â remains, it is
possible to
> submit a Case for the
Commission
> >Â to set aside the
> unidentifiable name-bearing
type and
> >Â designate one
better suited
> for nomenclatural
stability.
> >
> >Â /Thomas Pape
> >
> >
> >Â -----Original
Message-----
> >Â From: Taxacom
<taxacom-bounces at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> >Â On Behalf Of
Stephen Thorpe
> >Â Sent: 29. december
2018
> 22:11
> >Â To: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu;
> >Â Elena Kupriyanova
<Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> >Â Subject: Re:
[Taxacom] Type
> localities
> >Â (was: Bionomina 13
> published)
> >
> >Â Lena,
> >Â Yes, I do have a
better
> suggestion! If
> >Â a taxonomist is
ever faced
> with a situation in which
they
> >Â can only use type
locality
> information to associate a
name
> >Â with a species,
then they
> should simply refrain from
doing
> >Â so and declare the
name to
> be a nomen dubium. The name
can
> >Â then be safely
ignored,
> rather than risk using it
for the
> >Â wrong species.
> >Â Stephen
> >
> >Â
>
--------------------------------------------
> >Â On Sun, 30/12/18,
Elena
> Kupriyanova
> >Â <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> >Â wrote:
> >
> >Â Subject: RE:
[Taxacom] Type
> localities
> >Â (was: Bionomina 13
> published)
> >Â To: "Stephen
Thorpe" <stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz>,
> >Â "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu"
> >Â <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> >Â Received:
Sunday, 30
> December, 2018,
> >Â 9:53 AM
> >
> >Â Stephen,
> >Â I
> >Â totally
agree, such a
> scenario does
> >Â create a problem.
Do youÂÂ
> have a better suggestion
how
> >Â to deal with
problem?
> >Â Lena
> >
> >
> >Â Dr. Elena
Kupriyanova
> >Â Senior
> >Â Research
Scientist
> >Â Marine
Invertebrates
> >
> >Â Associate
Editor,
> >Â Records of
the Australian
> Museum
> >
> >Â Australian
Museum Research
> >Â Institute
> >Â 1 William
Street Sydney NSW
> 2010
> >Â Australia
> >Â t 61 2 9320
6340  m
> >Â
61402735679  f 61 2
> 9320 6059
> >Â Visit: http://www.australianmuseum.net.au
> >Â Like: http://www.facebook.com/australianmuseum
> >Â Follow: http://www.twitter.com/austmus
> >Â Watch: http://www.youtube.com/austmus
> >Â Inspiring the
exploration
> of nature
> > andÂÂ
cultures
> >
> >
> >
> >Â -----Original
Message-----
> >Â From: Stephen
Thorpe
> [mailto:stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz]
> >Â Sent: Sunday,
30 December
> 2018 7:16
> >Â AM
> >Â To: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu;
> >Â Elena
Kupriyanova <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> >Â Subject: RE:
[Taxacom] Type
> localities
> >Â (was:
> >Â Bionomina 13
published)
> >
> >Â You
> >Â seem to have
skirted around
> the main
> >Â problem I
suggested,ÂÂ
> which was 2 or more
candidate
> >Â species in sympatry
at
> the type locality.
It is a very
> >Â real possibility.
If youÂÂ
> associated a name with a
> >Â species, based on
the
> type locality, then
you assume
> >Â that the stated
type
> locality is correct
and that
> >Â there is one and
only one
> candidate speciesÂÂ
present at
> >Â the type locality!
For a
> real example, a
recentÂÂ
> >Â revision of the
genus Sagola
> is interesting in that
> > only males
can be
> identified morphologically,
but many
> > old typesÂÂ
are females.
> Nevertheless, the authors
(Park
> >Â &
Carlton) somehow
> managed to associate every
> >Â unique female
holotypeÂÂ
> with a species, based on
stated
> >Â type localities,
despite
> the fact that
distributions
> >Â are very
imperfectly known,
> sympatry is common
in the
> >Â genus, and so many
species
> are known from so
few
> >Â specimens that
further new
> species are very
likely (in
> >Â sympatry with
known
> species). Hence, effectively
all
> > theÂÂ
authors did was to
> make decisions as to which
> >Â names
referred to which
> species, taking type
> >Â localities into
account,
> but they might as
well have
> >Â just considered
those old
> (female
> >Â based) names
to be nomina
> dubia. The
> >Â level of
uncertaintyÂÂ
> associated with their
approach is
> >Â such that some of
the
> old female based
species might
> >Â not even occur in
their
> assigned type
localities, and
> >Â there is probably
in many
> cases no way to
confirm or
> >Â refute that anyway
(it could
> lead, for example,
to a
> >Â scenario in which
the type
> locality, afterÂÂ
more
> >Â collecting, turns
out to be
> an outlier in theÂÂ
> >Â distribution of the
species,
> but then someone will
> > probablyÂÂ
suggest range
> contraction due to climate
> >Â change!)
> >
> >Â Stephen
> >
> >
> >Â
>
--------------------------------------------
> >Â On Sun,
30/12/18, Elena
> Kupriyanova
> >Â <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> >Â wrote:
> >
> > Â Subject:
RE:
> >Â [Taxacom]
Type localities
> (was:
> >Â Bionomina 13
published)
> > Â To:
"Stephen Thorpe"
> <stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz>,ÂÂ
> >Â "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu"
> >Â <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> > Â Received:
Sunday, 30
> December,
> >Â 2018,
12:07 AM
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > Â Dr. Elena
Kupriyanova
> > Â Senior
Research
> Scientist
> >
> >Â Marine
Invertebrates
> >
> >
> >Â Associate
Editor,
> > Â Records
of
> > Â the
Australian Museum
> >
> > ÂÂ
Australian Museum
> Research
> >Â Institute
> > Â 1 William
Street Sydney
> NSW 2010
> > AustraliaÂÂ
t
> >Â 61 2 9320
6340  m
> >Â
61402735679  f 61 2
> >
> >Â 9320 6059
> > Â Visit:
> > https://apac01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianmuseum.net.au&data=02%7C01%7CElena.Kupriyanova%40austmus.gov.au%7C35d9ab42e3194872841008d66dca6516%7C6ee75868f5d64c8cb4cda3ddce30cfd6%7C0%7C0%7C636817113393360695&sdata=V9KcnWtQwtd92OmR719yPtcPJrG23tHT%2BuOPC0okyU8%3D&reserved=0
> > Â Like:
> > https://apac01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Faustralianmuseum&data=02%7C01%7CElena.Kupriyanova%40austmus.gov.au%7C35d9ab42e3194872841008d66dca6516%7C6ee75868f5d64c8cb4cda3ddce30cfd6%7C0%7C0%7C636817113393360695&sdata=6U0R1n7%2BPtdZDVCwgeMpqNqESbjvD0VsH1%2BoyyJO2oI%3D&reserved=0
> > Â Follow:
> > https://apac01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twitter.com%2Faustmus&data=02%7C01%7CElena.Kupriyanova%40austmus.gov.au%7C35d9ab42e3194872841008d66dca6516%7C6ee75868f5d64c8cb4cda3ddce30cfd6%7C0%7C0%7C636817113393360695&sdata=joLU3Q6RaluEnk6OSU2WZfcDSzTvKyHF4UE6eLL2zZk%3D&reserved=0
> > Â Watch:
> > https://apac01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Faustmus&data=02%7C01%7CElena.Kupriyanova%40austmus.gov.au%7C35d9ab42e3194872841008d66dca6516%7C6ee75868f5d64c8cb4cda3ddce30cfd6%7C0%7C0%7C636817113393360695&sdata=nIQt3EgA7062H%2Br%2BF87gG0wcco2m4%2F9EzU9H7xUXbeI%3D&reserved=0
> > Â Inspiring
the
> exploration of
> > nature andÂÂ
cultures
> >
> >
> >
> > ÂÂ
-----Original
> Message-----
> > Â From:
Stephen Thorpe
> [mailto:stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz]
> > Â Sent:
Friday, 28
> December 2018
> >Â 3:07 PM
> > Â To: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu;
> > Â Elena
Kupriyanova
> <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> > Â Subject:
RE: [Taxacom]
> Type
> >Â localities
> >Â (was:
> > Â Bionomina
13
> published)
> >
> > Â "to find
what the name
> >Â bearing
species
> > Â actually
is one needs
> to
> >Â know the type
locality"
> >
> > Â >I
disagree! One
> simply
> >
> >Â needs some
way to associate
> the name
> >Â with one and only
oneÂÂ
> species in the complex.
Very
> >Â often, type
localities
> are tooÂÂ
vague to be much use,
> >Â might be completely
wrong,
> or thereÂÂ
might be more
> >Â than one species of
the
> complex in theÂÂ
stated type
> >Â locality
(especially if it
> is aÂÂ
vague/imprecise typeÂÂ
> >Â locality).
> >
> > Â Yes, and
what is
> > Â the
above
> >Â mentioned
"some way"
> please?
> >
> > Â > I
expect you are
> >
> >Â imagining a
scenario in
> which, say,
> >Â some
previouslyÂÂ
> recognised species is now
considered
> >Â to be a complex
ofÂÂ
> ALLOPATRIC cryptic species
> >
> >
> >Â Not
necessarily. I think I
> clearly
> > stated theÂÂ
scenario I
> >Â am not
imagining, but am
> familiar with
> > too well -ÂÂ
a huge
> >Â species
complex under a
> name of a
> >Â species that
is assumed
> >Â to be
cosmopolitan for a no
> good
> >Â reason other
than itÂÂ
> is
> >Â assumed to be
cosmopolitan
> >
> >
> >Â >and you
want to know
> which of
> >Â those
cryptic species
> >Â the original
name belongs
> to.
> >
> > Â Yes,
don't we all?
> >
> > Â >The
type locality
> MIGHT be a
> >Â guide (if
> > itÂÂ
is correct, and if
> it is precise
> >Â enough), but it
might
> > notÂÂ
be of any use.
> >
> > Â It is
> >Â the
> > Â best
guide we have, but
> it MIGHT
> >Â in
> >Â some cases be
incorrectÂÂ
> or not
> >Â precise enough
indeed
> >
> > Â >If it
isn't of any
> >Â use, then
other
> > Â means
must be sought
> to
> >Â associate the
name with a
> species,ÂÂ
> >Â and there are
several
> >Â options.
> >
> > Â Ok,
continue
> >Â please, I
really want to
> know about
> >Â those options
> >
> > Â > In
> >
> >Â theory, if
you could
> sequence the
> >Â holotype, then
DNAÂÂ
> >Â matching
might do the
> trick.
> >
> > Â In
theory? Have you
> tried this
> >Â approach?
> > Yes,ÂÂ
if it exists and
> if it was not
> >Â fixed in formalin
as
> > mostÂÂ
marine inverts
> used to be
> >Â fixed, this the
best
> >Â way.
> >
> > Â >At
any rate,
> >Â type
> > ÂÂ
localities are not of
> any major
> >Â importance:
they may beÂÂ
> helpful, but
> >Â they may not.
> >Â That's all
I'm saying
> (in the
> >Â context of people
> >Â like Alain
Dubious giving
> them far
> > too much
attention,
> >Â IMHO)
> >
> > Â I
> >
> >Â cannot see
where this
> (surely
> >Â unexpected :)
conclusion
> >Â
comes from. If the
> holotype does not
> >Â exist, you collect
> >Â
fresh material as close
> as possible
> >Â to the TYPE
> >Â
LOCALITY, designate a
> neotype,
> >Â describe and
sequence it.
> >Â If
the holotype exists,
> but cannot
> >Â be sequenced, you
> >Â collect
fresh material
> as close as
> >Â possible to the
TYPE
> >Â
LOCALITY, re-descibe
> the species
> >Â based on the type
and the
> >Â
fresh material and
> sequence the
> >Â fresh topotypical
> >Â material. If
the type
> locality is
> >Â not precise enough,
you
> >Â make an
educated guess
> and see
> >Â above. If you
discover
> >Â several
crypticÂÂ
> sympatric species
> >Â the type locality,
you
> >Â take your
pick which
> one you
> >Â consider as the
name
> bearing
> >Â species for
theÂÂ
> complex. In all
> >Â cases type locality
is of
> >Â
paramount importance. I
> am now
> >Â looking forward to
hearing
> >Â about
other several
> options
> >Â mentioned above
> >
> > Â Best,
> >
> >Â Lena
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >Â
>
--------------------------------------------
> > Â On Fri,
28/12/18,
> Elena
> >Â Kupriyanova <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> > Â wrote:
> >
> > ÂÂ
> >Â Subject: RE:
> > Â [Taxacom]
Type
> localities
> >Â (was:
Bionomina 13
> published)
> > ÂÂ
To:
> >Â "Stephen
Thorpe" <stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz>,ÂÂ
> >Â "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu"
> > Â <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> > ÂÂ
Received: Friday, 28
> December,
> >Â 2018,
4:22ÂÂ
> >Â PM
> >
> > ÂÂ
Yes, of course,
> > ÂÂ
ultimately you
> > ÂÂ
need to know
> >Â the
> > ÂÂ
distributions of the
> species in
> > theÂÂ
> >Â complex. But
to figureÂÂ
> that out one
> >Â has to start with
> > theÂÂ
distribution of
> the name
> >Â bearing species of
the
> >Â complex
and to find
> what the name
> >Â bearing species
> >Â actually is
one needsÂÂ
> to know theÂÂ
> >Â type locality
> >
> >
> > Â Dr.
Elena
> >Â Kupriyanova
> > ÂÂ
Senior
> >
> >Â Research
Scientist
> > ÂÂ
Marine
> >Â
Invertebrates
> >
> > ÂÂ
Associate
> >Â Editor,
> > ÂÂ
Records of
> > ÂÂ
the
> >Â Australian
> > Â Museum
> >
> > ÂÂ
Australian Museum
> > Â Research
> >Â Institute
> > Â 1
William Street
> Sydney
> > Â NSW 2010
AustraliaÂÂ
> t 61 2 9320
> >Â
6340  m
> >Â
61402735679  f
> > Â 61 2
> > ÂÂ
> >Â 9320 6059
> > ÂÂ
Visit:
> > https://apac01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianmuseum.net.au&data=02%7C01%7CElena.Kupriyanova%40austmus.gov.au%7C35d9ab42e3194872841008d66dca6516%7C6ee75868f5d64c8cb4cda3ddce30cfd6%7C0%7C0%7C636817113393360695&sdata=V9KcnWtQwtd92OmR719yPtcPJrG23tHT%2BuOPC0okyU8%3D&reserved=0
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> > ÂÂ
Inspiring the
> exploration of nature
> > andÂÂ
> >Â cultures
> >
> >
> >
> > ÂÂ
-----Original
> >Â Message-----
> > ÂÂ
From: Stephen Thorpe
> >Â [mailto:stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz]
> > ÂÂ
Sent: Friday, 28
> December 2018 1:21
> >Â PM
> > Â To:
taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu;
> > ÂÂ
Elena Kupriyanova
> <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> > ÂÂ
Subject: Re: [Taxacom]
> Type
> >Â localities
> > Â (was:
> > ÂÂ
Bionomina 13
> >Â published)
> >
> > ÂÂ
Not
> > ÂÂ
quite!
> > Â The type
localities
> >Â per se still
aren't
> importantÂÂ
inÂÂ
> >Â the situation you
> >Â describe.
What matters is
> theÂÂ
> >Â distributions of
the
> >Â segregate
species in the
> complex.
> >
> > ÂÂ
Stephen
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >Â
>
--------------------------------------------
> > Â On
Fri, 28/12/18,
> Elena Kupriyanova
> >Â <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> > ÂÂ
wrote:
> >
> >
> > Â Subject:
Re:
> > ÂÂ
[Taxacom] Type
> >Â localities
> > Â (was:
Bionomina 13
> published)
> >Â
  To:
> > Â "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu"
> > ÂÂ
<taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> >Â
  Received: Friday,
> 28
> >Â December, 2018,
3:15ÂÂ
> >Â PM
> >
> >Â
  > to answer
> > Â your
> > ÂÂ
question, I
> >Â wouldn't
> >Â
  think type
> > ÂÂ
localities would
> > Â be of
much
> >Â importance at
all forÂÂ
> a common,
> > widespreadÂÂ
uniform
> >Â species.
> >
> >Â
  Oh,
> > Â really?
Except for the
> most
> >Â common
> >
> > Â situation
in
> shallow-water
> >Â marine
> >
> > ÂÂ
invertebrates. Once
> > oneÂÂ
actually bothers to
> look more
> > or less
carefully at
> > thisÂÂ
"common,
> widespread uniformÂÂ
> >Â species" and
> >Â discovers a
hugeÂÂ
> species complexÂÂ
> > beyond the
façade of
> >Â this "common"
or evenÂÂ
> "cosmopolitan
> >Â species", the
importance of
> theÂÂ
> > typeÂÂ
localities
> >Â somehow
becomes crystal
> clear.
> >
> >
> >Â
  Dr.
> >
> >Â Elena
> > ÂÂ
Kupriyanova
> > ÂÂ
> >Â Senior
> > Â Research
Scientist
> >Â
  Marine
> > ÂÂ
Invertebrates
> >
> >Â
  Associate
> >
> >Â Editor,
> >Â
  Records of
> > ÂÂ
> >Â the
> > ÂÂ
Australian Museum
> >
> >
> > ÂÂ
Australian Museum
> Research
> >Â Institute
> >Â
  1
> > ÂÂ
William
> >Â Street Sydney
NSW
> > Â 2010
> > ÂÂ
> >Â Australia
> >Â
  t 61 2
> > Â 9320
> >Â
6340  m
> >
> >
> >
> >Â
61402735679  f 61 2
> 9320 6059
> >Â
  Visit:
> >Â
> https://apac01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianmuseum.net.au&data=02%7C01%7CElena.Kupriyanova%40austmus.gov.au%7C35d9ab42e3194872841008d66dca6516%7C6ee75868f5d64c8cb4cda3ddce30cfd6%7C0%7C0%7C636817113393360695&sdata=V9KcnWtQwtd92OmR719yPtcPJrG23tHT%2BuOPC0okyU8%3D&reserved=0
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> >
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> >Â The Taxacom Archive
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> >Â Nurturing Nuance
while
> Assaulting
> >Â Ambiguity for 31
Some Years,
> 1987-2018.
> >
> >
>
_______________________________________________
> > Taxacom Mailing List
> > Send Taxacom mailing
list
> submissions to: Taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
> >
> > http://mailman.nhm.ku.edu/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/taxacom
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back to 1992
> may be searched at:
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> > Nurturing Nuance while
Assaulting
> Ambiguity for 31 Some Years,
1987-2018.
> >
>
>
> --
> Geoffrey B. Read, Ph.D.
> Wellington, NEW ZEALAND
> gread at actrix.gen.nz
>
>
_______________________________________________
> Taxacom Mailing List
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>
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> The Taxacom Archive back to
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> searched at: http://taxacom.markmail.org
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>
> Nurturing Nuance while
Assaulting
> Ambiguity for 31 Some Years,
1987-2018.
>
>
--
Geoffrey B. Read, Ph.D.
8 Zaida Way, Maupuia
Wellington, NEW ZEALAND
gread at actrix.gen.nz
_______________________________________________
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