[Taxacom] Type localities
Les Watling
watling at hawaii.edu
Sat Dec 29 14:41:19 CST 2018
Dear all,
I agree completely with Elena Kupriyanova's last note to this list (I get
the daily digest so its tough to sort one message out from the other). I
also agree especially with her last point about how useful the type
locality can be. Here is why:
In 1883 A.E. Verrill described a small deep-sea octocoral, Lepidisis
caryophyllia. He had three specimens that he attributed to this species,
two were from off the US east coast in 600 to 1200 fathoms of water,
roughly. He gave lat. and long. coordinates that were obtained by the fish
captains who had brought the specimens up on their lines. Obviously, these
locations need to be treated with some caution since all navigation in
those days were determined by sextant and timepiece. But the two localities
cover many degrees of latitude, extending from off New Jersey to Georges
Bank. So, we had figured we had a reasonable chance of recovering a new
specimen of this species.
Verrill's specimens were deposited in the MCZ at Harvard, with additional
later specimens deposited at Yale Peabody Museum. The MCZ specimens were
badly mishandled at some point in the past and not much remains of them
(two small polyps) but the YPM specimens are in pretty good shape. So, even
though the latter are not types we knew what we should look for. I might
add that this species has not been collected since about 1890, so these
museum specimens are all we have. And as Elena noted, they were not
preserved well enough to give DNA information.
In 2005 we were awarded a series of dives to document deep octocorals in
canyons and on seamounts off Georges Bank, eastern USA. The first of those
dives was conducted at the bottom of Gilbert Canyon, almost exactly on the
coordinates and at the depth specified in Verrill's paper. Midway through
the dive, a small octocoral, unbranched, was spotted growing on the muddy
bottom. It was collected, and later in the lab was determined to be an
exact match to the YPM specimens we knew Verrill had identified. So, now
its DNA has been sequenced and the specimen is in the process of being
redescribed using modern morphological methods. When this paper is at last
published we will show that Verrill made a critical mistake in his
description which has lead all octocoral taxonomists since to misidentify
many other corals in this family.
So, this is a case where the type locality information was very useful, in
fact probably critical. Yes, there can be cases where the information is
too general, or that a species at a particular locality can be part of what
is later determined to be a complex. But I would wager that for the vast
majority of species, the type locality can be a very helpful and useful
piece of information and should not be so cavalierly dispensed with. Which
also means, of course, that the type locality should be designated with
care when describing new species. A common joke in the marine world is what
to do when you find a new species in the flowing seawater tank at some
marine lab.... obviously the tank cannot be the type locality, so it
behooves the taxonomist to go on a hunt for the natural habitat, and so on.
One last point, since I have my rant going.... type localities can be very
useful in the conservation business. They can be portrayed as sacrosanct,
especially to politicians, and thus helpful in preserving habitat. Which
also suggests of course that they should be designated with care.
Best,
Les
Les Watling
Professor, Dept. of Biology
216 Edmondson Hall
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, HI 96822
Ph. 808-956-8621
Cell: 808-772-9563
e-mail: watling at hawaii.edu
On Sat, Dec 29, 2018 at 8:00 AM <taxacom-request at mailman.nhm.ku.edu> wrote:
> Daily News from the Taxacom Mailing List
>
> When responding to a message, please do not copy the entire digest into
> your reply.
> ____________________________________
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> Today's Topics:
>
> 1. Re: Type localities (was: Bionomina 13 published) (Geoff Read)
> 2. Re: Type localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
> (Elena Kupriyanova)
>
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Message: 1
> Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2018 16:12:22 +1300
> From: "Geoff Read" <gread at actrix.gen.nz>
> To: "Stephen Thorpe" <stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz>
> Cc: "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu" <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> Subject: Re: [Taxacom] Type localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
> Message-ID:
> <80b5d5761ea7645b605a4b903ad59f1d.squirrel at my.actrix.co.nz>
> Content-Type: text/plain;charset=iso-8859-1
>
> Well Stephen, you'd probably need new rules to do that!
>
> Re-identifying goes on all the time. If an ecologist is using the data of
> previous records (now something else, although probably only a change
> within a genus) for distributions, etc, it's up to them to keep abreast of
> the status quo. How do taxonomists usefully flag to ecologists there is
> something changed about a well-known species that affects their work? I
> don't know, beyond putting a comment about it in the abstract.
>
> Geoff
>
> On Fri, December 28, 2018 6:12 pm, Stephen Thorpe wrote:
> > The bigger picture here is that, in cases where a name is found to refer
> > to a complex of species, it would make far more sense to abandon such
> > names entirely (except perhaps as a name for the whole "complex"), rather
> > than using them from that point on as a name for just one species of the
> > complex. My rationale for this is that such names refer to unreliable
> > (i.e. mixed species) information up to the point when they are used for
> > just one species in the complex. This means that someone wanting to find
> > out information about the species will need to know exactly when the
> sense
> > of the name changed, and will have to know to disregard all information
> > before that point in time. In practice, this is unlikely, so confusion
> > will inevitably result with old unreliable information being quoted still
> > for the species. However, we seem to be stuck with an antiquated system
> of
> > nomenclature which tends to obscure what is important in a mass of
> > pointless nomenclatural details!
> >
> > Stephen
> >
> > --------------------------------------------
> > On Fri, 28/12/18, Elena Kupriyanova <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> > wrote:
> >
> > Subject: RE: [Taxacom] Type localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
> > To: "Stephen Thorpe" <stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz>,
> > "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu" <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> > Received: Friday, 28 December, 2018, 4:22 PM
> >
> > Yes, of course, ultimately you
> > need to know the distributions of the species in the
> > complex. But to figure that out one has to start with the
> > distribution of the name bearing species of the complex and
> > to find what the name bearing species actually is one needs
> > to know the type locality
> >
> >
> > Dr. Elena Kupriyanova
> > Senior Research Scientist
> > Marine Invertebrates
> >
> > Associate Editor,
> > Records of
> > the Australian Museum
> >
> > Australian Museum Research Institute
> > 1 William Street Sydney NSW 2010 Australia
> > t 61 2 9320 6340Â m 61402735679Â f 61 2
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> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: Stephen Thorpe [mailto:stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz]
> > Sent: Friday, 28 December 2018 1:21 PM
> > To: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu;
> > Elena Kupriyanova <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> > Subject: Re: [Taxacom] Type localities (was:
> > Bionomina 13 published)
> >
> > Not
> > quite! The type localities per se still aren't important
> > in the situation you describe. What matters is the
> > distributions of the segregate species in the complex.
> >
> > Stephen
> >
> > --------------------------------------------
> > On Fri, 28/12/18, Elena Kupriyanova <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> > wrote:
> >
> > Subject: Re:
> > [Taxacom] Type localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
> > To: "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu"
> > <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> > Received: Friday, 28 December, 2018, 3:15
> > PM
> >
> > > to answer your
> > question, I wouldn't
> > think type
> > localities would be of much importance at all for a
> > common, widespread uniform species.
> >
> > Oh, really? Except for the most common
> > situation in shallow-water marine
> > invertebrates. Once one actually bothers to look more or
> > less carefully at this "common, widespread uniform
> > species" and discovers a huge species complex beyond
> > the façade of this "common" or evenÂ
> > "cosmopolitan species", the importance of the
> > type localities somehow becomes crystal clear.
> >
> >
> > Dr. Elena
> > Kupriyanova
> > Senior Research Scientist
> > Marine Invertebrates
> >
> > Associate Editor,
> > Records of
> > the Australian Museum
> >
> >
> > Australian Museum Research Institute
> > 1
> > William Street Sydney NSW 2010
> > Australia
> > t 61 2 9320 6340Â m
> >
> > 61402735679Â f 61 2 9320 6059
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> >
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> > Assaulting
> > Ambiguity for 31 Some Years,
> > 1987-2018.
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> --
> Geoffrey B. Read, Ph.D.
> Wellington, NEW ZEALAND
> gread at actrix.gen.nz
>
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 2
> Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2018 11:07:23 +0000
> From: Elena Kupriyanova <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> To: Stephen Thorpe <stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz>,
> "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu" <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> Subject: Re: [Taxacom] Type localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
> Message-ID:
> <
> SY2PR01MB23789D74EE82F0A6FD62A5BCDEB00 at SY2PR01MB2378.ausprd01.prod.outlook.com
> >
>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
>
>
>
>
> Dr. Elena Kupriyanova
> Senior Research Scientist
> Marine Invertebrates
>
> Associate Editor,
> Records of the Australian Museum
>
> Australian Museum Research Institute
> 1 William Street Sydney NSW 2010 Australia
> t 61 2 9320 6340 m 61402735679 f 61 2 9320 6059
> Visit: http://www.australianmuseum.net.au
> Like: http://www.facebook.com/australianmuseum
> Follow: http://www.twitter.com/austmus
> Watch: http://www.youtube.com/austmus
> Inspiring the exploration of nature and cultures
>
>
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Stephen Thorpe [mailto:stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz]
> Sent: Friday, 28 December 2018 3:07 PM
> To: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu; Elena Kupriyanova <
> Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> Subject: RE: [Taxacom] Type localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
>
> "to find what the name bearing species actually is one needs to know the
> type locality"
>
> >I disagree! One simply needs some way to associate the name with one and
> only one species in the complex. Very often, type localities are too vague
> to be much use, might be completely wrong, or there might be more than one
> species of the complex in the stated type locality (especially if it is a
> vague/imprecise type locality).
>
> Yes, and what is the above mentioned "some way" please?
>
> > I expect you are imagining a scenario in which, say, some previously
> recognised species is now considered to be a complex of ALLOPATRIC cryptic
> species
>
> Not necessarily. I think I clearly stated the scenario I am not imagining,
> but am familiar with too well - a huge species complex under a name of a
> species that is assumed to be cosmopolitan for a no good reason other than
> it is assumed to be cosmopolitan
>
> >and you want to know which of those cryptic species the original name
> belongs to.
>
> Yes, don't we all?
>
> >The type locality MIGHT be a guide (if it is correct, and if it is
> precise enough), but it might not be of any use.
>
> It is the best guide we have, but it MIGHT in some cases be incorrect or
> not precise enough indeed
>
> >If it isn't of any use, then other means must be sought to associate the
> name with a species, and there are several options.
>
> Ok, continue please, I really want to know about those options
>
> > In theory, if you could sequence the holotype, then DNA matching might
> do the trick.
>
> In theory? Have you tried this approach? Yes, if it exists and if it was
> not fixed in formalin as most marine inverts used to be fixed, this the
> best way.
>
> >At any rate, type localities are not of any major importance: they may be
> helpful, but they may not. That's all I'm saying (in the context of people
> like Alain Dubious giving them far too much attention, IMHO)
>
> I cannot see where this (surely unexpected :) conclusion comes from. If
> the holotype does not exist, you collect fresh material as close as
> possible to the TYPE LOCALITY, designate a neotype, describe and sequence
> it. If the holotype exists, but cannot be sequenced, you collect fresh
> material as close as possible to the TYPE LOCALITY, re-descibe the species
> based on the type and the fresh material and sequence the fresh topotypical
> material. If the type locality is not precise enough, you make an educated
> guess and see above. If you discover several cryptic sympatric species the
> type locality, you take your pick which one you consider as the name
> bearing species for the complex. In all cases type locality is of paramount
> importance. I am now looking forward to hearing about other several options
> mentioned above
>
> Best,
> Lena
>
>
> --------------------------------------------
> On Fri, 28/12/18, Elena Kupriyanova <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> wrote:
>
> Subject: RE: [Taxacom] Type localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
> To: "Stephen Thorpe" <stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz>, "
> taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu" <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> Received: Friday, 28 December, 2018, 4:22 PM
>
> Yes, of course, ultimately you
> need to know the distributions of the species in the complex. But to
> figure that out one has to start with the distribution of the name bearing
> species of the complex and to find what the name bearing species actually
> is one needs to know the type locality
>
>
> Dr. Elena Kupriyanova
> Senior Research Scientist
> Marine Invertebrates
>
> Associate Editor,
> Records of
> the Australian Museum
>
> Australian Museum Research Institute
> 1 William Street Sydney NSW 2010 Australia t 61 2 9320 6340 m
> 61402735679 f 61 2
> 9320 6059
> Visit:
> https://apac01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianmuseum.net.au&data=02%7C01%7CElena.Kupriyanova%40austmus.gov.au%7Cb27518e0c66d4f5195bb08d66c79ddf7%7C6ee75868f5d64c8cb4cda3ddce30cfd6%7C0%7C0%7C636815668013839470&sdata=12CduEnujNO5CmGwXTrOUwIDV4H5d1LWnavFFyKd%2Fts%3D&reserved=0
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> -----Original Message-----
> From: Stephen Thorpe [mailto:stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz]
> Sent: Friday, 28 December 2018 1:21 PM
> To: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu;
> Elena Kupriyanova <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> Subject: Re: [Taxacom] Type localities (was:
> Bionomina 13 published)
>
> Not
> quite! The type localities per se still aren't important in the
> situation you describe. What matters is the distributions of the segregate
> species in the complex.
>
> Stephen
>
> --------------------------------------------
> On Fri, 28/12/18, Elena Kupriyanova <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> wrote:
>
> Subject: Re:
> [Taxacom] Type localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
> To: "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu"
> <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> Received: Friday, 28 December, 2018, 3:15 PM
>
> > to answer your
> question, I wouldn't
> think type
> localities would be of much importance at all for a common, widespread
> uniform species.
>
> Oh, really? Except for the most common
> situation in shallow-water marine
> invertebrates. Once one actually bothers to look more or less carefully
> at this "common, widespread uniform species" and discovers a huge
> species complex beyond the façade of this "common" or even "cosmopolitan
> species", the importance of the type localities somehow becomes crystal
> clear.
>
>
> Dr. Elena
> Kupriyanova
> Senior Research Scientist
> Marine Invertebrates
>
> Associate Editor,
> Records of
> the Australian Museum
>
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