Taxacom: "Early Permian" angiosperms... real or not real taxa/names?

Fri Jun 3 02:54:22 CDT 2022

Just a clarification - these comments were from John Grehan, not from me.

On Fri, Jun 3, 2022 at 7:30 PM Tony Rees <tonyrees49 at gmail.com> wrote:

> I will address a couple of Michael's points as best I can, and leave the
> remainder to others more qualified than myself...
>
> Here are a couple of key references: K. Salomo et al., 2017, "The
> Emergence of Earliest Angiosperms May be Earlier than Fossil Evidence
> Indicates", Systematic Botany (2017), 42(4): pp. 1–13,
> doi: 10.1600/036364417X696438; P.S. Herendeen et al., 2017,
> "Palaeobotanical redux: revisiting the age of the angiosperms", NATURE
> PLANTS 3, 17015, doi: 10.1038/nplants.2017.15
>
> RE my comment "....unless I am mistaken, these are only hypothetical dates
> based on
> suggestions from molecular evidence"
>
> Michael said: These 'hypothetical dates" are widely accepted as more than
> that - even as
> empirical proof of age - by many, many, many people, including a number of
> individuals on Taxacom. ... The suggestions do not come from 'molecular
> evidence' but from fossils that
> are used to calibrate divergence.
>
> My new comment: Salomo et al. use the phrase "age estimates" 28 times in
> their paper. That is not the same as empirical proof of age. The estimates
> are based on a number of assumptions which may or may not prove to be
> correct. Actually I do not have a problem with Salermo et al's main
> conclusion, which puts the divergence of angiosperms and gymnosperms in the
> Late Permian, leaving the entire succeeding Triassic and Jurassic periods
> for either highly cryptic, or opportunistically non preserved, evidence of
> evolution based on fossils known to date. Even then,  Wachtler's claim of
> well preserved, and evolutionary well developed, "angiosperm flowers" from
> the Early Permian would seem hardly credible.
>
> I wrote:  "So far as I am aware there are still no "accepted"
> pre-Cretaceous
> angiosperm fossils."
>
> Michael said:  I note that "accepted" is in quote marks.'Accepted' by whom
> and of what
> significance?
>
> My new comment: Salomo et al. state: " exceptionally old fossils
> representing extant, relatively deeply nested lineages in angiosperm
> phylogeny also support the emerging hypothesis that the phylogenetic root
> of angiosperms is much older than suspected. These fossils include a
> Ranunculaceae member (Leefructus, 125.8–122.6 MYA; Sun et al. 2011), and a
> probable Poaceae-Pooideae fossil from the Early Cretaceous (110–100 MYA;
> Poinar 2004, 2011)". Neither Leefructus or the other other fossil cited
> pre-dates the Cretaceous.
>
> Herendeen et al. state: " no angiosperms have been discovered in the
> mesofossil floras from the earliest part of the Cretaceous and from the
> Jurassic that have been investigated.", then below: " Several putative
> angiosperm fossils described from the Early Cretaceous are problematic for
> various reasons and fail to provide evidence of an angiosperm
> relationship.", and " Excluding occasional examples where key specimens
> from the Cretaceous had been stratigraphically misassigned to the Jurassic
> (such as Archaefructus), these older fossils fall into two groups: (1)
> intriguing fossils for which there is insufficient information to assess
> their affinities (for example, Sanmiguelia lewisii Brown from the Triassic
> of Texas, United States; Phyllites sp. from the Jurassic Stonesfield Slate,
> England); and (2) fossils claimed as angiosperms for which evidence of an
> angiosperm relationship is either weak or non-existent. ...  Scattered
> reports of putative angiosperms from Jurassic and earlier rocks appear to
> challenge the conclusion made more than 50 years ago, that no unequivocal
> angiosperm remains have yet been described from rocks older than Early
> Cretaceous , but so far none of them withstand careful scrutiny. In some
> cases, fossil material from the Triassic and Jurassic presents interesting
> features that document extinct diversity among seed plants that may or may
> not be related to angiosperms, but the absence of critical details, or
> knowledge of other parts of these parent plants, currently precludes their
> assignment to angiosperms. In other cases (for example many of the fossils
> discussed above), interpretations of angiosperm features, generally in very
> poorly preserved fossil material, are not credible."
>
> I previously stated: "in any case there is at least a 150 million year
> difference
> between the  start of the Permian and the start of the Cretaceous periods
> (with all of the Triassic and Jurassic between), so something is badly
> amiss..."
>
> To which Michael replied: Really? By what authority in science? What is
> the scientific criteria for a
> fossil gap to be believable? 10 Ma, 50 Ma? 100 Ma? 150 Ma?
>
> My current comment would be that many Permian, Triassic, Jurassic and
> earliest Cretaceous rocks have been searched for evidence of angiosperm
> fossils, and none have ever been recovered. So yes, by my reckoning (not
> specifically numerical), this is a major gap. Even angiosperm pollen, again
> that could have been found in thousands if not millions of routinely
> analysed palynological samples, has never been detected from rocks of this
> age, or any for the next 150 million years. From Herendeen et al: "Since
> the 1960s, there has been a massive increase in the availability of fossil
> pollen data. These data have been collected from all over the world for a
> variety of purposes, including exploration geology, from strata of Late
> Devonian age through to the present. These data, comprising thousands of
> samples and millions of individual pollen records, have so far failed to
> document unequivocal angiosperm pollen prior to the Early Cretaceous."
>
> At this point my critical faculties probably desert me on account of lack
> of additional relevant specialist knowledge. However I would reiterate, if
> Wachtler's claim of well preserved angiosperm flowers from the Early
> Permian period had credibility, it would be the paleobotanical find of the
> decade and probably the century. The fact that no other workers have even
> commented on his claims does suggest to me that they are hardly taken
> seriously by his paleobotanical peers at this time (although I am very
> happy to be proved wrong of course).
>
> Regards - Tony
>
>
> On Fri, 3 Jun 2022 at 15:42, Michael Heads <m.j.heads at gmail.com> wrote:
>
>> Hi Tony, yes, the dates are hypothetical. But so are identifications of
>> fossils.
>>
>> On Fri, Jun 3, 2022 at 11:12 AM Tony Rees <tonyrees49 at gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>>> Hi Michael, yes but unless I am mistaken, these are only hypothetical
>>> dates based on suggestions from molecular evidence. So far as I am aware
>>> there are still no "accepted" pre-Cretaceous angiosperm fossils. Were
>>> Mr/Dr Wachtler's "Early Permian angiosperms" to be authenticated by other
>>> workers the results would be a paleobotanical sensation, which is I suspect
>>> why they have been published outside the mainstream literature, more than
>>> likely without peer review...
>>>
>>> I still wonder what it is he is describing, though...
>>>
>>> Tony Rees, New South Wales, Australia
>>> https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.me%2FTonyRees&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=ZvXJvceFWCc%2Br9dqzVWLOlZKASNiboSs00WONl2u0Vw%3D&reserved=0
>>>
>>>
>>> On Fri, 3 Jun 2022 at 07:10, Michael Heads <m.j.heads at gmail.com> wrote:
>>>
>>>> Hi Tony,
>>>>
>>>> Dates for angiosperms in recent studies include:
>>>> Triassic to Late Permian (Beaulieu et al., 2015); Triassic-Permian
>>>> (Zhang et al., 2020); Triassic-Carboniferous (Salomo et al., 2017),
>>>> and Permian (Yang et al., 2020).
>>>>
>>>> On Fri, Jun 3, 2022 at 8:09 AM Tony Rees via Taxacom <
>>>> taxacom at lists.ku.edu> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>> Dear Taxacomers,
>>>>>
>>>>> As some of you will be aware, with IRMNG (the Interim Register of
>>>>> Marine
>>>>> and Nonmarine Genera) I attempt to compile a synoptic list of published
>>>>> genus names, arranged in a "management classification" (an attempt at
>>>>> synthesis of what seems to be current practise in the literature), for
>>>>> all
>>>>> life i.e. animals, plants and more (including the most obscure
>>>>> microfossils, viruses and prokaryotes).
>>>>>
>>>>> Currently I am attempting to back fill some gaps in recently published
>>>>> fossil plant names and came across this work and some of its associated
>>>>> publications: "The Evolution of the First Flowers Early Permian
>>>>> Angiosperms" by Michael Wachtler, apparently more or less self
>>>>> published by
>>>>> the Dolomythos Museum, Italy, see
>>>>>
>>>>> https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FWachtler-Michael%2Fpublication%2F341323347_The_Evolution_of_the_First_Flowers_-_Early_Permian_Angiosperms%2Flinks%2F5ebac7e392851c11a8620fbc%2FThe-Evolution-of-the-First-Flowers-Early-Permian-Angiosperms.pdf&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=DSBXWOb6YeNxEwaNbDZNLU3K%2FH3Qo9j3aTr%2BpeXvh%2B8%3D&reserved=0
>>>>> , in which he establishes a number of new genera and species for what
>>>>> he
>>>>> insists are new Permian angiosperm flowers, a contention carried
>>>>> through to
>>>>> a number of other, similar works.
>>>>>
>>>>> Since otherwise, the earliest accepted angiosperm fossils do not appear
>>>>> until the Cretaceous (refer e.g. Herendeen et al. 2017,
>>>>>
>>>>> https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnplants201715&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=nSntfWhUDzGvVcr93zHEf0R%2FnTZwxuYexmhTzTgO9B4%3D&reserved=0),
>>>>> one is forced to the
>>>>> conclusion that either Wachtler's fossils are not angiosperms, or not
>>>>> Permian, or perhaps not either, although they do look like flowers
>>>>> from his
>>>>> pictures. Perhaps the dating is wrong - I am no specialist in such
>>>>> matters;
>>>>> but in any case there is at least a 150 million year difference
>>>>> between the
>>>>> start of the Permian and the start of the Cretaceous periods (with all
>>>>> of
>>>>> the Triassic and Jurassic between), so something is badly amiss...
>>>>>
>>>>> Nevertheless, I am wondering whether Wachtler's published names should
>>>>> stand, from a nomenclatural point of view, irrespective of the
>>>>> "challenging" ages ascribed to them, or whether they do not merit
>>>>> inclusion
>>>>> in my system on the basis of possibly invalid publication (which does
>>>>> not
>>>>> seem to be the case) or other considerations. I note of interest, that
>>>>> Wachtler's publications do seem to be cited by no-one but himself,
>>>>> which
>>>>> does raise a bit of a red flag...
>>>>>
>>>>> Your opinions welcome!
>>>>>
>>>>> Thanks in advance - Tony
>>>>>
>>>>> Tony Rees, New South Wales, Australia
>>>>>
>>>>> https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.me%2FTonyRees&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=ZvXJvceFWCc%2Br9dqzVWLOlZKASNiboSs00WONl2u0Vw%3D&reserved=0
>>>>>
>>>>> https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irmng.org%2F&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=IQ9sXL3R83Fu77keriUAYKJ22zoTvSCanLxfeOYLBWQ%3D&reserved=0
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>>>>>
>>>>> Nurturing nuance while assailing ambiguity for about 35 years,
>>>>> 1987-2022.
>>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> --
>>>> Dunedin, New Zealand.
>>>>
>>>> My books:
>>>>
>>>> *Biogeography and evolution in New Zealand. *Taylor and Francis/CRC,
>>>> Boca Raton FL. 2017.
>>>> https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FBiogeography-and-Evolution-in-New-Zealand%2FHeads%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781498751872&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=B1ZbbpmCHKWRon8porIljf4lyq2YlU5XnCQbc2w14Rc%3D&reserved=0
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> *Biogeography of Australasia:  A molecular analysis*. Cambridge
>>>> University Press, Cambridge. 2014. https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2F9781107041028&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=9V%2BlZGNyI5AS06UFp1WyTeSXs5VwB9OZAdWpWqidzR4%3D&reserved=0
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> *Molecular panbiogeography of the tropics. *University of California
>>>> Press, Berkeley. 2012. https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook.php%3Fisbn%3D9780520271968&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=Rrc%2FHyJDuKDeHf%2Begg1xA2k0yTvXiFbKYw0fWO%2B66jg%3D&reserved=0
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> *Panbiogeography: Tracking the history of life*. Oxford University
>>>> Press, New York. 1999. (With R. Craw and J. Grehan).
>>>> https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.nz%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBm0_QQ3Z6GUC&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=9mnwRWG%2FVJFyNHG7%2FHMp50mb1R6ucgOqpl8fnHd13UE%3D&reserved=0
>>>> <https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.nz%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBm0_QQ3Z6GUC%26dq%3Dpanbiogeography%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=oXzla3Wdy1HD%2BJsuAmL0ecRoL%2B6Bl%2BvPlr5xjEe5xb8%3D&reserved=0>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>
>> --
>> Dunedin, New Zealand.
>>
>> My books:
>>
>> *Biogeography and evolution in New Zealand. *Taylor and Francis/CRC,
>> Boca Raton FL. 2017.
>> https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FBiogeography-and-Evolution-in-New-Zealand%2FHeads%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781498751872&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=B1ZbbpmCHKWRon8porIljf4lyq2YlU5XnCQbc2w14Rc%3D&reserved=0
>>
>>
>> *Biogeography of Australasia:  A molecular analysis*. Cambridge
>> University Press, Cambridge. 2014. https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2F9781107041028&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=9V%2BlZGNyI5AS06UFp1WyTeSXs5VwB9OZAdWpWqidzR4%3D&reserved=0
>>
>>
>> *Molecular panbiogeography of the tropics. *University of California
>> Press, Berkeley. 2012. https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook.php%3Fisbn%3D9780520271968&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=Rrc%2FHyJDuKDeHf%2Begg1xA2k0yTvXiFbKYw0fWO%2B66jg%3D&reserved=0
>>
>>
>> *Panbiogeography: Tracking the history of life*. Oxford University
>> Press, New York. 1999. (With R. Craw and J. Grehan).
>> https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.nz%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBm0_QQ3Z6GUC&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=9mnwRWG%2FVJFyNHG7%2FHMp50mb1R6ucgOqpl8fnHd13UE%3D&reserved=0
>> <https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.nz%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBm0_QQ3Z6GUC%26dq%3Dpanbiogeography%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=oXzla3Wdy1HD%2BJsuAmL0ecRoL%2B6Bl%2BvPlr5xjEe5xb8%3D&reserved=0>
>>
>>
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>>
>>
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>>

-- 
Dunedin, New Zealand.

My books:

*Biogeography and evolution in New Zealand. *Taylor and Francis/CRC, Boca
Raton FL. 2017.
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*Biogeography of Australasia:  A molecular analysis*. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge. 2014. https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2F9781107041028&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=9V%2BlZGNyI5AS06UFp1WyTeSXs5VwB9OZAdWpWqidzR4%3D&reserved=0

*Molecular panbiogeography of the tropics. *University of California Press,
Berkeley. 2012. https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook.php%3Fisbn%3D9780520271968&data=05%7C01%7Ctaxacom%40lists.ku.edu%7C88d90cb73854482932ef08da45364dae%7C3c176536afe643f5b96636feabbe3c1a%7C0%7C0%7C637898397039367824%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=Rrc%2FHyJDuKDeHf%2Begg1xA2k0yTvXiFbKYw0fWO%2B66jg%3D&reserved=0

*Panbiogeography: Tracking the history of life*. Oxford University Press,
New York. 1999. (With R. Craw and J. Grehan).
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