[Taxacom] Type localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
Geoffrey Read
gread at actrix.gen.nz
Mon Dec 31 04:38:19 CST 2018
Hi Stephen,
A couple of centuries ago authors did as you describe with no formal types
named, but they still might say something like 'I have described the
specimens I collected from Tahiti, but I also collected the same species
from the Red Sea.' So there were often de facto type localities before it
was formalised as such. It's a natural system of working that has evolved
as we've got more sophisticated.
I know nothing about type localities and their use in conservation. What
is the issue?
Cheers,
Geoff
On Mon, December 31, 2018 12:00 pm, Stephen Thorpe wrote:
> Geoff,
> The concept of a type locality exists only because we happen to have a
> typological system of zoological (and botanical) nomenclature. Without
> such a typological system of nomenclature, there would be no type
> localities, and yet nothing important would be any different. Authors of
> new species would still specify the locality/localities of their material
> examined, and we would still go to that plane/those places to search for
> the species (and to any other subsequently specified localities). You are
> conflating two quite different things, and you are not alone! The most
> worrying thing is the spurious link between type localities and
> conservation. Nomenclatural technicalities have no relevance to
> conservation! Note that if an author describes a new species from several
> localities, only the locality of the holotype is the type locality, and
> yet the locality/localities of the paratypes are just as useful for
> looking for the species.
> Cheers,
> Stephen
>
> --------------------------------------------
> On Sun, 30/12/18, Geoff Read <gread at actrix.gen.nz> wrote:
>
> Subject: Re: [Taxacom] Type localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
> To: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu
> Received: Sunday, 30 December, 2018, 9:32 PM
>
> Stephen,
>
> The importance of a type locality is
> that it is, in the whole vast area of
> the Earth, the one small spot where the
> species is known to occur, and
> unfortunately lots of species are only
> known from their type localities.
> So we don't go looking in the Himalayas
> for more of a species whose type
> locality is a valley in the Waitakere
> Ranges, Auckland, NZ. That would be
> absurd.
>
> That there is by convention a formal
> type locality (with a few directions
> in the Code to guide us in our use of
> it) reduces our
> re-locating-the-species problem to
> manageable dimensions, and prevents
> hijacking of a species concept to an
> animal or plant coming from a place
> where it is not reasonable that the
> species would occur. So we should have
> better stability of names via sensible
> use of type localities.
>
> Declaring a nomen dubium is not going
> to be 'end-of-story', except if the
> name is an obscure one of no
> importance. Anyone with a different opinion
> to you, or who has gathered more
> evidence, could keep using it
> subsequently. For a name still useful
> with some biology known about the
> species the next step might be to ask
> the Commission for the bad type to
> be replaced with a neotype (hopefully
> from the type locality). If there's
> no apparent type then any taxonomist
> could designate a neotype for your
> 'nomen dubium' without asking the
> Commission. It's not about being
> absolutely certain they've determined
> the species correctly - it's just a
> working solution so that biology can
> carry on being done on biota that now
> has a fixed name.
>
> Geoff
>
> On Sun, December 30, 2018 1:36 pm,
> Stephen Thorpe wrote:
> > All true and pretty much what I
> said. However, such a tentative method for
> > associating names with species, as
> Thomas describes, can hardly be given
> > the lofty levels of "importance"
> that many taxonomists seem to think! If
> > nobody knows which species a name
> refers to, then one has two choices: (1)
> > tentatively associate the name
> with a species based on type locality,
> > maybe in conjunction with other
> things; or (2) declare the name to be a
> > nomen dubium. My main point is
> that I know think that (2) is preferable,
> > because it has no drawbacks that I
> can see, and it avoids working with a
> > tentative link which may be wrong
> to the extent that the species doesn't
> > even occur (and never did) at the
> type locality of the name being used for
> > it. This could lead to all sorts
> of erroneous conclusions about range
> > contractions under climate change,
> etc., etc., when in fact the species
> > never occurred there at all!
> >
> > Stephen
> >
> >
> --------------------------------------------
> > On Sun, 30/12/18, Thomas Pape
> <tpape at snm.ku.dk>
> wrote:
> >
> >Â Subject: RE: [Taxacom] Type
> localities (was: Bionomina 13 published)
> >Â To: "Stephen Thorpe" <stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz>,
> > "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu"
> <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>,
> "Elena
> > Kupriyanova" <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> >Â Received: Sunday, 30
> December, 2018, 11:18 AM
> >
> >Â The "type locality" is the
> locality data
> >Â provided for the
> name-bearing specimen. No more and no less.
> >
> >Â The type locality is prone
> to error and
> >Â inaccuracy as any other
> piece of information, but it *may*
> >Â be of help when a type is
> not fit for identification. In
> >Â particular when there is
> only one candidate species present
> >Â at the type locality. An
> association between name and
> >Â species based only on the
> type locality will remain
> >Â hypothetical, but the
> hypothesis will be corroborated (or
> >Â not) as new data emerge. If
> nomenclatural instability
> >Â remains, it is possible to
> submit a Case for the Commission
> >Â to set aside the
> unidentifiable name-bearing type and
> >Â designate one better suited
> for nomenclatural stability.
> >
> >Â /Thomas Pape
> >
> >
> >Â -----Original Message-----
> >Â From: Taxacom <taxacom-bounces at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> >Â On Behalf Of Stephen Thorpe
> >Â Sent: 29. december 2018
> 22:11
> >Â To: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu;
> >Â Elena Kupriyanova <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> >Â Subject: Re: [Taxacom] Type
> localities
> >Â (was: Bionomina 13
> published)
> >
> >Â Lena,
> >Â Yes, I do have a better
> suggestion! If
> >Â a taxonomist is ever faced
> with a situation in which they
> >Â can only use type locality
> information to associate a name
> >Â with a species, then they
> should simply refrain from doing
> >Â so and declare the name to
> be a nomen dubium. The name can
> >Â then be safely ignored,
> rather than risk using it for the
> >Â wrong species.
> >Â Stephen
> >
> >Â
> --------------------------------------------
> >Â On Sun, 30/12/18, Elena
> Kupriyanova
> >Â <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> >Â wrote:
> >
> >Â Subject: RE: [Taxacom] Type
> localities
> >Â (was: Bionomina 13
> published)
> >Â To: "Stephen Thorpe" <stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz>,
> >Â "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu"
> >Â <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> >Â Received: Sunday, 30
> December, 2018,
> >Â 9:53 AM
> >
> >Â Stephen,
> >Â I
> >Â totally agree, such a
> scenario does
> >Â create a problem. Do youÃÂ
> have a better suggestion how
> >Â to deal with problem?
> >Â Lena
> >
> >
> >Â Dr. Elena Kupriyanova
> >Â Senior
> >Â Research Scientist
> >Â Marine Invertebrates
> >
> >Â Associate Editor,
> >Â Records of the Australian
> Museum
> >
> >Â Australian Museum Research
> >Â Institute
> >Â 1 William Street Sydney NSW
> 2010
> >Â Australia
> >Â t 61 2 9320 6340ÃÂ ÃÂ m
> >Â 61402735679ÃÂ ÃÂ f 61 2
> 9320 6059
> >Â Visit: http://www.australianmuseum.net.au
> >Â Like: http://www.facebook.com/australianmuseum
> >Â Follow: http://www.twitter.com/austmus
> >Â Watch: http://www.youtube.com/austmus
> >Â Inspiring the exploration
> of nature
> >Â andÃÂ cultures
> >
> >
> >
> >Â -----Original Message-----
> >Â From: Stephen Thorpe
> [mailto:stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz]
> >Â Sent: Sunday, 30 December
> 2018 7:16
> >Â AM
> >Â To: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu;
> >Â Elena Kupriyanova <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> >Â Subject: RE: [Taxacom] Type
> localities
> >Â (was:
> >Â Bionomina 13 published)
> >
> >Â You
> >Â seem to have skirted around
> the main
> >Â problem I suggested,ÃÂ
> which was 2 or more candidate
> >Â species in sympatry at
> theÃÂ type locality. It is a very
> >Â real possibility. If youÃÂ
> associated a name with a
> >Â species, based on the
> typeÃÂ locality, then you assume
> >Â that the stated type
> locality isÃÂ correct and that
> >Â there is one and only one
> candidate speciesÃÂ present at
> >Â the type locality! For a
> real example, a recentÃÂ
> >Â revision of the genus Sagola
> is interesting in that
> >Â onlyÃÂ males can be
> identified morphologically, but many
> >Â old typesÃÂ are females.
> Nevertheless, the authors (Park
> >Â & Carlton)ÃÂ somehow
> managed to associate every
> >Â unique female holotypeÃÂ
> with a species, based on stated
> >Â type localities, despite
> theÃÂ fact that distributions
> >Â are very imperfectly known,
> sympatryÃÂ is common in the
> >Â genus, and so many species
> are known fromÃÂ so few
> >Â specimens that further new
> species are very likelyÃÂ (in
> >Â sympatry with known
> species). Hence, effectively all
> >Â theÃÂ authors did was to
> make decisions as to which
> >Â names referredÃÂ to which
> species, taking type
> >Â localities into account,
> butÃÂ they might as well have
> >Â just considered those old
> (female
> >Â based) names to be nomina
> dubia. The
> >Â level of uncertaintyÃÂ
> associated with their approach is
> >Â such that some of the
> oldÃÂ female based species might
> >Â not even occur in their
> assignedÃÂ type localities, and
> >Â there is probably in many
> cases no wayÃÂ to confirm or
> >Â refute that anyway (it could
> lead, forÃÂ example, to a
> >Â scenario in which the type
> locality, afterÃÂ more
> >Â collecting, turns out to be
> an outlier in theÃÂ
> >Â distribution of the species,
> but then someone will
> >Â probablyÃÂ suggest range
> contraction due to climate
> >Â change!)
> >
> >Â Stephen
> >
> >
> >Â
> --------------------------------------------
> >Â On Sun, 30/12/18, Elena
> Kupriyanova
> >Â <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> >Â wrote:
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Subject: RE:
> >Â [Taxacom] Type localities
> (was:
> >Â Bionomina 13 published)
> >Â ÃÂ To: "Stephen Thorpe"
> <stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz>,ÃÂ
> >Â "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu"
> >Â <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> >Â ÃÂ Received: Sunday, 30
> December,
> >Â 2018, 12:07ÃÂ AM
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Dr. Elena Kupriyanova
> >Â ÃÂ Senior Research
> Scientist
> >
> >Â Marine Invertebrates
> >
> >
> >Â Associate Editor,
> >Â ÃÂ Records of
> >Â ÃÂ the Australian Museum
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Australian Museum
> Research
> >Â Institute
> >Â ÃÂ 1 William Street Sydney
> NSW 2010
> >Â AustraliaÃÂ t
> >Â 61 2 9320 6340ÃÂ ÃÂ m
> >Â 61402735679ÃÂ ÃÂ f 61 2
> >
> >Â 9320 6059
> >Â ÃÂ Visit:
> > https://apac01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianmuseum.net.au&data=02%7C01%7CElena.Kupriyanova%40austmus.gov.au%7C35d9ab42e3194872841008d66dca6516%7C6ee75868f5d64c8cb4cda3ddce30cfd6%7C0%7C0%7C636817113393360695&sdata=V9KcnWtQwtd92OmR719yPtcPJrG23tHT%2BuOPC0okyU8%3D&reserved=0
> >Â ÃÂ Like:
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> >Â ÃÂ Inspiring the
> exploration of
> >Â nature andÃÂ cultures
> >
> >
> >
> >Â ÃÂ -----Original
> Message-----
> >Â ÃÂ From: Stephen Thorpe
> [mailto:stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz]
> >Â ÃÂ Sent: Friday, 28
> December 2018
> >Â 3:07 PM
> >Â ÃÂ To: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu;
> >Â ÃÂ Elena Kupriyanova
> <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> >Â ÃÂ Subject: RE: [Taxacom]
> Type
> >Â localities
> >Â (was:
> >Â ÃÂ Bionomina 13
> published)
> >
> >Â ÃÂ "to find what the name
> >Â bearing species
> >Â ÃÂ actually is one needs
> to
> >Â know the type locality"
> >
> >Â ÃÂ >I disagree! One
> simply
> >
> >Â needs some way to associate
> the name
> >Â with one and only oneÃÂ
> species in the complex. Very
> >Â often, type localities
> areÃÂ tooÃÂ vague to be much use,
> >Â might be completely wrong,
> orÃÂ thereÃÂ might be more
> >Â than one species of the
> complex in theÃÂ statedÃÂ type
> >Â locality (especially if it
> is aÃÂ vague/imprecise typeÃÂ
> >Â locality).
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Yes, and what is
> >Â ÃÂ the above
> >Â mentioned "some way"
> please?
> >
> >Â ÃÂ > I expect you are
> >
> >Â imagining a scenario in
> which, say,
> >Â some previouslyÃÂ
> recognised species is now considered
> >Â to be a complex ofÃÂ
> ALLOPATRIC cryptic species
> >
> >
> >Â Not necessarily. I think I
> clearly
> >Â stated theÃÂ scenario I
> >Â am not imagining, but am
> familiar with
> >Â too well -ÃÂ a huge
> >Â species complex under a
> name of a
> >Â species that isÃÂ assumed
> >Â to be cosmopolitan for a no
> good
> >Â reason other thanÃÂ itÃÂ
> is
> >Â assumed to be cosmopolitan
> >
> >
> >Â >and you want to know
> which of
> >Â those crypticÃÂ species
> >Â the original name belongs
> to.
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Yes, don't we all?
> >
> >Â ÃÂ >The type locality
> MIGHT be a
> >Â guide (if
> >Â itÃÂ is correct, and if
> it is precise
> >Â enough), but it might
> >Â notÃÂ be of any use.
> >
> >Â ÃÂ It is
> >Â the
> >Â ÃÂ best guide we have, but
> it MIGHT
> >Â in
> >Â some cases be incorrectÃÂ
> or not
> >Â precise enough indeed
> >
> >Â ÃÂ >If it isn't of any
> >Â use, then other
> >Â ÃÂ means must be sought
> to
> >Â associate the name with a
> species,ÃÂ
> >Â and there are several
> >Â options.
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Ok, continue
> >Â please, I really want to
> knowÃÂ about
> >Â those options
> >
> >Â ÃÂ > In
> >
> >Â theory, if you could
> sequence the
> >Â holotype, then DNAÃÂ
> >Â matching might do the
> trick.
> >
> >Â ÃÂ In theory? Have you
> tried this
> >Â approach?
> >Â Yes,ÃÂ if it exists and
> if it was not
> >Â fixed in formalin as
> >Â mostÃÂ marine inverts
> used to be
> >Â fixed, this the best
> >Â way.
> >
> >Â ÃÂ >At any rate,
> >Â type
> >Â ÃÂ localities are not of
> any major
> >Â importance: they may beÃÂ
> helpful, but
> >Â they may not.
> >Â That's all I'm saying
> (inÃÂ the
> >Â context of people
> >Â like Alain Dubious giving
> them far
> >Â tooÃÂ much attention,
> >Â IMHO)
> >
> >Â ÃÂ I
> >
> >Â cannot see where this
> (surely
> >Â unexpected :) conclusion
> >Â comesÃÂ from. If the
> holotype does not
> >Â exist, you collect
> >Â freshÃÂ material as close
> as possible
> >Â to the TYPE
> >Â LOCALITY,ÃÂ designate a
> neotype,
> >Â describe and sequence it.
> >Â If theÃÂ holotype exists,
> but cannot
> >Â be sequenced, you
> >Â collect freshÃÂ material
> as close as
> >Â possible to the TYPE
> >Â LOCALITY,ÃÂ re-descibe
> the species
> >Â based on the type and the
> >Â freshÃÂ material and
> sequence the
> >Â fresh topotypical
> >Â material. If theÃÂ type
> locality is
> >Â not precise enough, you
> >Â make an educatedÃÂ guess
> and see
> >Â above. If you discover
> >Â several crypticÃÂ
> sympatric species
> >Â the type locality, you
> >Â take your pickÃÂ which
> one you
> >Â consider as the name
> bearing
> >Â species for theÃÂ
> complex. In all
> >Â cases type locality is of
> >Â paramountÃÂ importance. I
> am now
> >Â looking forward to hearing
> >Â about otherÃÂ several
> options
> >Â mentioned above
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Best,
> >
> >Â Lena
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >Â
> --------------------------------------------
> >Â ÃÂ On Fri, 28/12/18,
> Elena
> >Â Kupriyanova <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> >Â ÃÂ wrote:
> >
> >Â ÃÂ
> >Â Subject: RE:
> >Â ÃÂ [Taxacom] Type
> localities
> >Â (was: Bionomina 13
> published)
> >Â ÃÂ To:
> >Â "Stephen Thorpe" <stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz>,ÃÂ
> >Â "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu"
> >Â ÃÂ <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> >Â ÃÂ Received: Friday, 28
> December,
> >Â 2018, 4:22ÃÂ
> >Â PM
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Yes, of course,
> >Â ÃÂ ultimately you
> >Â ÃÂ need to know
> >Â the
> >Â ÃÂ distributions of the
> species in
> >Â theÃÂ
> >Â complex. But to figureÃÂ
> that out one
> >Â has to start with
> >Â theÃÂ distribution of
> theÃÂ name
> >Â bearing species of the
> >Â complex andÃÂ to find
> what theÃÂ name
> >Â bearing species
> >Â actually is one needsÃÂ
> to know theÃÂ
> >Â type locality
> >
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Dr. Elena
> >Â Kupriyanova
> >Â ÃÂ Senior
> >
> >Â Research Scientist
> >Â ÃÂ Marine
> >Â Invertebrates
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Associate
> >Â Editor,
> >Â ÃÂ Records of
> >Â ÃÂ the
> >Â Australian
> >Â ÃÂ Museum
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Australian Museum
> >Â ÃÂ Research
> >Â Institute
> >Â ÃÂ 1 William Street
> Sydney
> >Â ÃÂ NSW 2010 AustraliaÃÂ
> t 61 2 9320
> >Â 6340ÃÂ ÃÂ m
> >Â 61402735679ÃÂ ÃÂ f
> >Â ÃÂ 61 2
> >Â ÃÂ
> >Â 9320 6059
> >Â ÃÂ Visit:
> > https://apac01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianmuseum.net.au&data=02%7C01%7CElena.Kupriyanova%40austmus.gov.au%7C35d9ab42e3194872841008d66dca6516%7C6ee75868f5d64c8cb4cda3ddce30cfd6%7C0%7C0%7C636817113393360695&sdata=V9KcnWtQwtd92OmR719yPtcPJrG23tHT%2BuOPC0okyU8%3D&reserved=0
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> >Â ÃÂ Inspiring the
> exploration of nature
> >Â andÃÂ
> >Â cultures
> >
> >
> >
> >Â ÃÂ -----Original
> >Â Message-----
> >Â ÃÂ From: Stephen Thorpe
> >Â [mailto:stephen_thorpe at yahoo.co.nz]
> >Â ÃÂ Sent: Friday, 28
> December 2018 1:21
> >Â PM
> >Â ÃÂ To: taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu;
> >Â ÃÂ Elena Kupriyanova
> <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> >Â ÃÂ Subject: Re: [Taxacom]
> Type
> >Â localities
> >Â ÃÂ (was:
> >Â ÃÂ Bionomina 13
> >Â published)
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Not
> >Â ÃÂ quite!
> >Â ÃÂ The type localities
> >Â per se still aren't
> importantÃÂ inÃÂ
> >Â the situation you
> >Â describe. What matters is
> theÃÂ
> >Â distributions of the
> >Â segregate species in the
> complex.
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Stephen
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >Â
> --------------------------------------------
> >Â ÃÂ On Fri, 28/12/18,
> Elena Kupriyanova
> >Â <Elena.Kupriyanova at austmus.gov.au>
> >Â ÃÂ wrote:
> >
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Subject: Re:
> >Â ÃÂ [Taxacom] Type
> >Â localities
> >Â ÃÂ (was: Bionomina 13
> published)
> >Â ÃÂ ÃÂ To:
> >Â ÃÂ "taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu"
> >Â ÃÂ <taxacom at mailman.nhm.ku.edu>
> >Â ÃÂ ÃÂ Received: Friday,
> 28
> >Â December, 2018, 3:15ÃÂ
> >Â PM
> >
> >Â ÃÂ ÃÂ > to answer
> >Â ÃÂ your
> >Â ÃÂ question, I
> >Â wouldn't
> >Â ÃÂ ÃÂ think type
> >Â ÃÂ localities would
> >Â ÃÂ be of much
> >Â importance at all forÃÂ
> aÃÂ common,
> >Â widespreadÃÂ uniform
> >Â species.
> >
> >Â ÃÂ ÃÂ Oh,
> >Â ÃÂ really? Except for the
> most
> >Â common
> >
> >Â ÃÂ situation in
> shallow-water
> >Â marine
> >
> >Â ÃÂ invertebrates. Once
> >Â oneÃÂ actually bothers to
> look more
> >Â orÃÂ less carefully at
> >Â thisÃÂ "common,
> widespread uniformÃÂ
> >Â species" and
> >Â discovers a hugeÃÂ
> species complexÃÂ
> > beyondàthe façade of
> >Â this "common" or evenÃÂ
> "cosmopolitan
> >Â species", the importance of
> theÃÂ
> >Â typeÃÂ localities
> >Â somehow becomes crystal
> clear.
> >
> >
> >Â ÃÂ ÃÂ Dr.
> >
> >Â Elena
> >Â ÃÂ Kupriyanova
> >Â ÃÂ
> >Â Senior
> >Â ÃÂ Research Scientist
> >Â ÃÂ ÃÂ Marine
> >Â ÃÂ Invertebrates
> >
> >Â ÃÂ ÃÂ Associate
> >
> >Â Editor,
> >Â ÃÂ ÃÂ Records of
> >Â ÃÂ
> >Â the
> >Â ÃÂ Australian Museum
> >
> >
> >Â ÃÂ Australian Museum
> Research
> >Â Institute
> >Â ÃÂ ÃÂ 1
> >Â ÃÂ William
> >Â Street Sydney NSW
> >Â ÃÂ 2010
> >Â ÃÂ
> >Â Australia
> >Â ÃÂ ÃÂ t 61 2
> >Â ÃÂ 9320
> >Â 6340ÃÂ ÃÂ m
> >
> >
> >
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> 9320 6059
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> >Â Nurturing Nuance while
> Assaulting
> >Â Ambiguity for 31 Some Years,
> 1987-2018.
> >
> >
> _______________________________________________
> > Taxacom Mailing List
> > Send Taxacom mailing list
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> > Nurturing Nuance while Assaulting
> Ambiguity for 31 Some Years, 1987-2018.
> >
>
>
> --
> Geoffrey B. Read, Ph.D.
> Wellington, NEW ZEALAND
> gread at actrix.gen.nz
>
> _______________________________________________
> Taxacom Mailing List
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>
> Nurturing Nuance while Assaulting
> Ambiguity for 31 Some Years, 1987-2018.
>
>
--
Geoffrey B. Read, Ph.D.
8 Zaida Way, Maupuia
Wellington, NEW ZEALAND
gread at actrix.gen.nz
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