willow growth habit

[Frederick J. Peabody]

One of our graduate students here is working on avian habitat preference
and needs some information for her thesis.

She would like to know about the growth habit of three willow species:
   Salix lasiocarpa
   S. laevigata
   S. exigua

Her questions are:
   1) What is the general growth structure of form for these species?
   2) Are there numerous branches below 1 m from the ground surface?
   3) How are branches typically oriented: vertically, horizontally?

Thanks in advance for any responses.

Frederick J. Peabody
Associate Professor of Botany
University of South Dakota
414 East Clark Street
Vermillion, SD  57069  USA
fpeabody at sundance.usd.edu