<div dir="ltr"><div>All,</div><div>Please find below and attached Elizabeth Wilkinson's (University of St. Thomas) review of Karen Eva Carr's <i>History of Swimming</i>.</div><div>Thanks</div><div>Duncan</div><div>Having just turned in my fall semester grades, I can now wish you all Happy Holidays and a relaxing break</div><div><br></div><div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:medium none;padding:0in;margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Elizabeth Wilkinson’ review of Karen
Eva Carr’s <i>Shifting Currents: A World History of Swimming</i><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:medium none;padding:0in;margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Karen Eva Carr starts our long
human journey in the water before we are even humans, taking us back to
one-celled beings, four billion years ago. Because hers is a world history, she
has a lot of space and time to cover. Her first two chapters take readers to
multiple origin points that show “most early people all over the world were strong
swimmers” (49). The early chapters especially, but all the chapters generally,
are dotted with illustrations that provide the visible proof of bathing,
swimming, and sometimes of drowning. <span style="color:black;background:white">Carr’s musings about humans’ natural <i>inability</i> to take
to swimming – “Humans are even worse at swimming than chimpanzees and gorillas”
(17) – exists alongside her celebration of it “throughout history as a fun
social activity open to everyone” (355).</span><span style="background:white"><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:medium none;padding:0in;margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Many stories of swimming emanate
from historical accounts of battles in or near the sea, and mostly from victors
who glory in their adversaries drowning or, if they could swim, becoming easy
targets splashing about in the water. The exception to humans acquiring the
skill of swimming, and one of the early turns of her text, comes in the third
chapter, “A Northern Swimming Hole,” in which Carr cites the Ice Age as a reason
for many forgetting how to swim. Here, she begins to delineate how swimming
“both attracted and repelled” certain groups of peoples, and she begins a long
and detailed explanation of swimming used as a marker for class hierarchy and
social power. Interestingly, sometimes it is the <i>inability</i> to swim that signifies
high standing.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:medium none;padding:0in;margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="color:black;background:white">Later in the historical chronology, Carr provides evidence
for swimming as</span> a way of life, socially or for work, as contrasted with
swimming performatively, as a sign of social status. Although in a few earlier
as well as more contemporary moments, she shows swimming together with reading
as a marker for upper-class status or as aspirational for the middle class. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:medium none;padding:0in;margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">An abundance of folkloric
anecdotes woven throughout provide one of the many pleasures and benefits of
this text. Carr offers stories by Ovid (who apparently enjoyed swimming) warning
that swimming naked got Arethusa in need of rescue by the goddess Diana to avoid
a “hotter and more eager” Alpheus alongside a Turkish trickster story of Juha teasing
one of his wives about her ability to swim. Truly, the breadth of her
historical evidence is impressive, and the many pieces of narrative evidence
exist alongside illustrations from cave drawings in Egypt, depictions on Greek
urns and in Aztec floor mosaics, and pictorial stories unfurled on Japanese
scrolls. These and so many others give her leave for informative commentary on
who could swim and when and why, as well as who couldn’t or didn’t or wouldn’t.
<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:medium none;padding:0in;margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">The text’s numerous visual
representations had me wishing to see them all large and in full color, which
would be, of course, beyond any academic publication’s budget. I can’t help but
think one of the most difficult tasks for Carr in compiling the text in its
entirety must have been choosing which ones made the cut for the two,
full-color sections of about a dozen illustrations each. Italian boys cliff
diving, Japanese pirates sinking boats from China, the Buddha swimming to aid
fishermen in trouble, Greek women who might be Amazons diving into pools –
these are just a small smattering of the copious depictions Carr provides and
comments upon. <span> </span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:medium none;padding:0in;margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span>Some of Carr’s darkest and most
difficult to read chapters – “Floating for Witchcraft” and “Ducking Stools” –
detail the ways water is used for trial, torture, un/intended executions, and
suicide. In earlier chapters, she </span>includes a number of instances when
swimming was presented as a dangerous segue to sex, whether the sexual
encounter be desired or resisted, sinful or celebrated. In the “Witchcraft” and
“Ducking” chapters, we see the unfortunate extreme in instance after detailed
instance of victims, predominantly women, suffering heinous acts intended to
punish or silence them. The onslaught of one torturous scene after the other
without reprieve proves to be difficult reading. Fortunately, for women’s
studies scholars, a later section offers celebrations of swimming as a vehicle
for the fight for women’s rights and suffrage. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:medium none;padding:0in;margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Historians will find the
familiar here, but through an interesting new lens, and sports studies
aficionados will get a deeper understanding of the inexorable intertwining of
our corporeal physical activities with our constructions of societal modes,
customs, and laws, through the ages. My desire to read Carr’s text stemmed from
an interest in swimming, generally, and in books about swimming, <span>including
Lisa Bier’s <strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;background:white">"</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;background:white;font-weight:normal">Fighting</span></strong><span style="color:black;background:white"> the <strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;font-weight:normal">Current</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">:</span></strong> The Rise of American Women's <strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;font-weight:normal">Swimming</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">,</span></strong> 1870-1926" and of course Lynn
Cox’s wonderful memoirs “Swimming to Antarctica” and “Swimming in the Sink.”
And I can’t help but think of the beautiful short story, “Wet” by Laurie Colwin
and the poems “Competition” by Mariah Burton Nelson and “To Swim, To Believe”
by Maxine Kumin, that take readers into the mundanity and mystery that is swimming.
Carr’s historical take on the social power of swimming puts it in conversation
with texts that focus on a much smaller slice of swimming, race, and power,
such as Julie Checkoway’s <i>The Three-Year Swim Club</i>; additionally, Carr
joins (apologies for the pun) a wave of recent works on swimming, including <i>Why
We Swim </i>by Bonnie Tsui and <i>Splash! 10,000 Years of Swimming </i>by Howard
Means. </span><span style="background:white"><span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:medium none;padding:0in;margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">What a reader can take away from
this history are the many ways that societies have constructed narratives out
of the human relationships with bodies of water and how those narratives work
to construct hierarchies based on race, ethnicity, class, sexual orientation,
and gender. Carr’s commentary is both interesting and helpful and, at times by
her own admission and by the necessity that is the writing of a long history,
informed conjecture. She makes note of her own speculations within the text and
more universally at the end when she writes, “Our ideas are too often only
rationalizations of what we wish to confirm, or of what we assume to be normal”;
she acknowledges that “many of the ideas in this book will probably turn out
the same way, and a hundred years from now they, too, will be superseded” (355).
While this may be the case, the copious references gathered together in her
almost 100 pages of endnotes offer up a collection that will remain useful for
many years to come. <span></span></p>
</div> <br></div><div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">Remember to smell the roses as you recumber past<br><br>Duncan R. Jamieson, Ph. D.<br>Professor of History<br>Book Review Editor<br><i>AETHLON: The Journal of Sport Literature</i><br>Ashland University<br>Ashland, OH 44805<br>USA<br></div></div></div></div>