<div dir="ltr"><div>All,</div><div>Please find attached and below Carla Fenton's review of Neil Baxter, <i>Running, Identity and Meaning: The Pursuit of Distinction Through Sport.</i></div><div>Thanks</div><div>Duncan</div><div><br></div><div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN">Running,
Identity and Meaning: The Pursuit of Distinction Through Sport<span></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN">Neil
Baxter<span></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN">Emerald
Publishing, UK 2021<span></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN">Reviewed by Caela Fenton, University of Oregon<span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN">Running isn’t just a sport. While it can be a
competitive activity, it can also be a social one, a fitness method, a beauty
practice, a way to experience the outdoors, a weight-loss strategy, a form of
transportation, a mechanism for raising money for charity, and the list goes
on.<span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN">This is the premise of why running is
fascinating in Neil Baxter’s <i>Running,
Identity and Meaning: The Pursuit of Distinction Through Sport </i>(Emerald
2021). Baxter ambitiously attempts to encapsulate all the nooks and crannies of
this multiplicitous pastime. This is both a strength and weakness of the text.
While giving a compelling overview of running, the text sometimes falls into
the danger of somewhat unavoidable overgeneralization. <span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN">Baxter’s research questions include: What do
different forms of running “mean?” How do the different ways of practicing
running relate to one another? And what identities do various iterations of
running help support? Drawing primarily from Bourdieu and Foucault as
theoretical interlocutors, Baxter argues that running’s contemporary popularity
can be understood through its relationship to key social norms and ideals of
our era. It is a “gendered, classed and ‘raced’ field, structured by values and
principles and specific local forms of physical capital that reflect and
reinforce these categories” (170).<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN">Utilizing data from Sport England’s 2018
Active Lives Survey (ALS), his own “Big Running Survey” (BRS) and interviews
with twenty-one runners, Baxter combines quantitative and qualitative analyses.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN">The chapter, “Researching Running: Embodiment,
Lifestyle and Identity,” provides the text’s theoretical scaffold regarding how
running uses, shapes and trains the body. Baxter conceptualizes running as a
“field” in the Bourdieusian sense—that it is not just a leisure, social,
competitive activity, but a “semi-autonomous field of consumption in its own
right” (21). This premise is key to understanding how runners “exhibit a clear
set of positions or distinctive ways of participating, with varying meanings and
measurable, structured social differences” (22). <span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN">In “The Evolution of a Field: A Brief History
of Running as Sport in Britain,” Baxter provides a historical overview of
British running, paying particular attention to two important transitions over
the last two centuries. The first transition was the “‘civilizing spurt’ of the
Victorian era,” during which running became a way to enact social position
through codified games and contests. The second, and likely more familiar
transition, was the “Jogging Boom” of the 60s/70s as it played out in Britain.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><sup><span><sup><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN">[1]</span></sup></span></sup></a> Baxter
carefully situates the first Jogging Boom within the emergence of neoliberalism
as the governing ideology of the West— “install[ing] the individual,
competition and economic success as the overriding values of mainstream
society” (52). Running’s second boom (~2000), while generally increasing
participation in women and non-white populations, remained entrenched in
embodied neoliberalism.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN">In “Running the Numbers: Quantitative Insights
and a Map of the Field,” Baxter undertakes analysis of the ALS and BRS
quantitative data. Findings affirm previous assertions that gender is the
primary factor influencing sporting practice today. Though running as a broad
category has a fairly balanced gender ratio, the <i>way</i> running is practiced (i.e. socially, competitively, as a
fitness practice) is gendered. Similarly, though running as a whole seems to
have ethnic diversity proportional to the overall demographics of the English
population, non-white participants are concentrated in track and
underrepresented in iterations such as fell running (similar to trail/mountain
running) and obstacle course racing. Overall, runners are consistently highly
educated and middle/upper class. <span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN">“Disciplining the Body and Mind: Running as a
Technique of the Self” examines how the ways in which the body is
disciplined/cared for contribute to the reproduction of class and gender
identities and their “moral hierarchicalization” in a world increasingly
obsessed with the entangled discourse of “health and fitness” (and those as
codes for thinness). Baxter’s interviewees made frequent references to the
ideal “runner’s body” or “running body” as thin, toned, lean, etc. While
Baxter’s analysis begins to examine the history/context for contemporary
idealization of thin/toned bodies, this is one of the areas in which taking on
all of running (versus just recreational or just competitive) may have been too
much. Baxter relates the frequency with which weight loss and the “runner’s
body” was framed as an aesthetic concern by women runners, while weight loss
and the “runner’s body was framed as a competitive/performance concern for men.
The scope of his study results in statements such as the following:<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.5in 0.0001pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN">[...] it is possible to
describe running that prioritizes the <i>aesthetic</i>
correlates of health and fitness as essentially feminised and running focused
on competition and the <i>performance</i> of
fitness as essentially masculinised. Both orientations revolve around imbuing
the body with forms of physical capital that are a source of distinction in a
society that places a high value on the slim, fit body. The key difference
though is that feminised running can be understood as organized around the
accrual of aesthetic capital, whereas masculinised running centres more on the
achievement and display of specifically sporting, athletic capital. These two
forms of physical capital are strongly correlated, but are conceptually
distinct and have very different values within and outside the field. 107<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN">I worry that the broadness of addressing
running in its entirety leads to an oversimplification of gender pressures.
Broadly, women face more cultural pressure to enact thinness than do men,
however the explicitly gendered nature of these pressures is not fulsomely
addressed (see, for example Bordo 2003). It also elides the harm potentially
inflicted by the use of the term “runner’s body” and its connection to rampant
disordered eating cultures within competitive running.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN">“The Price and the Meaning of Success:
Training, Competition and Performance” does account more specifically for the
competitive iteration of running. Of particular note is Baxter’s finding that
all of the competitive women runners he spoke with shared similar experiences
of being exposed to the sport at a young age, having strong parental support
and opportunities to compete at the school or club level. This demonstrates
that rather than an inherent preference of women to run ‘for fun!’ and men to
‘race,’ early exposure to competitive sporting environments (which tends to be
more common for men) is key.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN">“Running Places: How the Sites of Running
Matter” explores the social and cultural differences correlated with the main
settings of running—the roads, the track, rural settings and obstacle courses. <span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN">Focused exclusively on Britain, readers who
approach the text from other national perspectives will need to remind
themselves of contextual differences (ex: this is why collegiate athletics is
not emphasized), as well as terminological ones (ex: the term “fell running”).
This text is recommended for sport researchers of running and those interested
in embodied neoliberalism and the meanings of fit bodies.<span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><sup><span lang="EN"><span><sup><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN">[1]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size:10pt" lang="EN"> For more on the Jogging Boom from an American
context, see Alan Latham’s “The history of a habit: Jogging as a palliative for
sedentariness in 1960s America” in <i>cultural
geographies</i>.<span></span></span></p>
</div>
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</div><div><i></i></div><div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">Remember to smell the roses as you recumber past<br><br>Duncan R. Jamieson, Ph. D.<br>Professor of History<br>Book Review Editor<br><i>AETHLON: The Journal of Sport Literature</i><br>Ashland University<br>Ashland, OH 44805<br>USA<br></div></div></div></div>